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Файл:Conklin E.K.Forth programmer's handbook.2000.pdf
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- •Contents
- •List of Figures
- •List of Tables
- •Welcome!
- •About the Forth Programming Language
- •About This Book
- •How to Use This Book
- •Reference Materials
- •How to Proceed
- •1. Introduction
- •1.1.1 Definitions of Terms
- •1.1.2 Dictionary
- •1.1.3 Data Stack
- •1.1.4 Return Stack
- •1.1.5 Text Interpreter
- •1.1.6 Numeric Input
- •1.1.7 Two-stack Virtual Machine
- •1.2 Forth Operating System Features
- •1.3 The Forth Assembler
- •1.3.1 Notational Differences
- •1.3.1.1 Instruction Mnemonics
- •1.3.1.2 Addressing Modes
- •1.3.1.3 Instruction Format
- •1.3.1.4 Labels, Branches, and Structures
- •1.3.2 Procedural Differences
- •1.3.2.1 Resident Assembler
- •1.3.2.2 Immediately Executable Code
- •1.3.2.3 Relationship to Other Routines
- •1.3.2.4 Register Usage
- •1.4 Documentation and Programmer Aids
- •1.4.1 Comments
- •1.4.2 Locating Command Source
- •1.4.3 Cross-references
- •1.4.4 Decompiler and Disassembler
- •1.5 Interactive Programming—An Example
- •2. Forth Fundamentals
- •2.1 Stack Operations
- •2.1.1 Stack Notation
- •2.1.2 Data Stack Manipulation Operations
- •2.1.3 Memory Stack Operations
- •2.1.4 Return Stack Manipulation Operations
- •2.1.5 Programmer Conveniences
- •2.2 Arithmetic and Logical Operations
- •2.2.1 Arithmetic and Shift Operators
- •Single-Precision Operations
- •Double-precision Operations
- •Mixed-precision Operations
- •2.2.2 Logical and Relational Operations
- •Single-Precision Logical Operations
- •Double-Precision Logical Operations
- •2.2.3 Comparison and Testing Operations
- •2.3 Character and String Operations
- •2.3.1 The PAD—Scratch Storage for Strings
- •2.3.2 Single-Character Reference Words
- •2.3.3 String Management Operations
- •2.3.4 Comparing Character Strings
- •2.4 Numeric Output Words
- •2.4.1 Standard Numeric Output Words
- •2.4.2 Pictured Number Conversion
- •2.4.2.1 Using Pictured Numeric Output Words
- •2.4.2.2 Using Pictured Fill Characters
- •2.4.2.3 Processing Special Characters
- •2.5 Program Structures
- •2.5.1 Indefinite Loops
- •2.5.2 Counting (Finite) Loops
- •2.5.3 Conditionals
- •2.5.4 CASE Statement
- •2.5.5 Un-nesting Definitions
- •2.5.6 Vectored Execution
- •2.6 Exception Handling
- •3. System Functions
- •3.1 Vectored Routines
- •3.2 System Environment
- •3.3 Serial I/O
- •3.3.1 Terminal Input
- •3.3.2 Terminal Output
- •3.3.3 Support of Special Terminal Features
- •3.4 Block-Based Disk Access
- •3.4.1 Overview
- •3.4.2 Block-Management Fundamentals
- •3.4.3 Loading Forth Source Blocks
- •3.4.3.1 The LOAD Operation
- •3.4.3.2 Named Program Blocks
- •3.4.3.3 Block-based Programmer Aids and Utilities
- •3.5 File-Based Disk Access
- •3.5.1 Overview
- •3.5.2 Global File Operations
- •3.5.3 File Reading and Writing
- •3.5.4 File Support Words
- •3.6 Time and Timing Functions
- •3.7 Dynamic Memory Management
- •3.8 Floating Point
- •3.8.1 Floating-Point System Guidelines
- •3.8.2 Input Number Conversion
- •3.8.3 Output Formats
- •3.8.4 Floating-Point Constants, Variables, and Literals
- •3.8.5 Memory Access
- •3.8.6 Floating-Point Stack Operators
- •3.8.7 Floating-Point Arithmetic
- •3.8.8 Floating-Point Conditionals
- •3.8.9 Logarithmic and Trigonometric Functions
- •3.8.10 Address Management
- •3.8.11 Custom I/O
- •4. The Forth Interpreter and Compiler
- •4.1 The Text Interpreter
- •4.1.1 Input Sources
- •4.1.2 Source Selection and Parsing
- •4.1.3 Dictionary Searches
- •4.1.4 Input Number Conversion
- •4.1.5 Character String Processing
- •4.1.5.1 Scanning Characters to a Delimiter
- •4.1.5.2 Compiling and Interpreting Strings
- •4.1.6 Text Interpreter Directives
- •4.2 Defining Words
- •4.2.1 Creating a Dictionary Entry
- •4.2.2 Variables
- •4.2.3 CONSTANTs and VALUEs
- •4.2.4 Colon Definitions
- •4.2.5 Code Definitions
- •4.2.6 Custom Defining Words
- •4.2.6.1 Basic Principles of Defining Words
- •4.2.6.2 High-level Defining Words
- •4.3 Compiling Words and Literals
- •4.3.1 ALLOTing Space in the Dictionary
- •4.3.2 Use of , and C, to Compile Values
- •4.3.3 The Forth Compiler
- •4.3.4 Use of Literals and Constants in : Definitions
- •4.3.5 Explicit Literals
- •4.3.6 Use of ['] to Compile Literal Addresses
- •4.3.7 Compiling Strings
- •4.4 Compiler Directives
- •4.4.1 Making Compiler Directives
- •4.5 Overlays
- •4.6 Word Lists
- •4.6.1 Basic Principles
- •4.6.2 Managing Word Lists
- •4.6.3 Sealed Word Lists
- •5. The Assembler
- •5.1 Code Definitions
- •5.2 Code Endings
- •5.3 Assembler Instructions
- •5.4 Notational Conventions
- •5.5 Use of the Stack in Code
- •5.6 Addressing Modes
- •5.7 Macros
- •5.8 Program Structures
- •5.9 Literals
- •5.10 Device Handlers
- •5.11 Interrupts
- •5.12 Example
- •6.1 Guidelines for BLOCK-based source
- •6.1.1 Stack Effects
- •6.1.2 General Comments
- •6.1.3 Spacing Within Source
- •6.2.1 Typographic Conventions
- •6.2.2 Use of Spaces
- •6.2.3 Conditional Structures
- •6.2.4 do…loop Structures
- •6.2.5 begin…while…repeat Structures
- •6.2.6 begin…until…again Structures
- •6.2.7 Block Comments
- •6.2.8 Stack Comments
- •6.2.9 Return Stack Comments
- •6.2.10 Numbers
- •6.3 Wong’s Rules for Readable Forth
- •6.3.1 Example: Magic Numbers
- •6.3.2 Example: Factoring
- •6.3.3 Example: Simplicity
- •6.3.4 Example: Testing Assumptions
- •6.3.5 Example: IF Avoidance
- •6.3.6 Example: Stack Music
- •6.3.7 Summary
- •6.4 Naming Conventions
- •Appendix A: Bibliography
- •Appendix B: Glossary & Notation
- •B.1 Abbreviations
- •B.2 Glossary
- •B.3 Data Types in Stack Notation
- •B.4 Flags and IOR Codes
- •B.5 Forth Glossary Notation
- •Appendix C: Index to Forth Words
- •General Index
Forth Programmer’s Handbook
List of Figures
1. |
The “top” of a dictionary. HERE returns the address of the next available |
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location. 4 |
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2. |
Logical structure of the Forth dictionary 4 |
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3. |
Structural details of a typical dictionary entry |
6 |
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4. |
Items on the data stack |
8 |
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5. |
Flow diagram of the text interpreter |
12 |
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6. |
Example of a control program that runs a washing machine 28 |
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7. |
Format of arguments for most two-string operators 50 |
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8. |
Block handling in a file-based Forth system |
88 |
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9. |
Dictionary entry built by CREATE |
133 |
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10. |
Dictionary entry built by CONSTANT |
136 |
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11. |
Example of structures defined by using DOES> |
145 |
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12. |
Action of the Forth compiler |
151 |
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13. |
“Break key” response example |
152 |
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14. |
Compile-time action of IF |
160 |
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15. |
Diagram of a dictionary entry for a CODE entry |
170 |
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16. |
Hierarchy of data types |
209 |
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List of Tables
1. |
Integer precision and CPU data width |
13 |
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2. |
Valid numeric punctuation characters |
14 |
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3. |
Registers in the Forth virtual machine |
15 |
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4. |
Common stack notation 23 |
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5. |
Common system-level vectored routines |
78 |
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6. |
Environmental query strings and associated data 79 |
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7. |
Identifying the input source 120 |
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8. |
Summary of compile-time branch words |
162 |
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9. |
Forth assembler notation conventions |
173 |
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10.Naming conventions 198
11. Notation for the data type of stack arguments 207
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