Сам. работа 5.

Variant 1

Fleming Discovers Penicillin.

I. Study the following words. Make sure you know them.

enzyme [ ] fluid [ ] tear [ ] jumble[ l]

lysozome [ ]

II. Read the text and do the tasks following it.

Who discovered penicillin?

Penicillin was the first antibiotic, a special drug that is very

good at killing bacteria. With antibiotics, many illnesses can

soon be cured that were once incurable. Penicillin was

discovered by accident by the British scientist Sir Alexander

Fleming in 1928. He noticed that a mold which had formed in a

dish in his laboratory was killing bacteria in the dish. From the

mold, penicillin was later prepared. In 1938, Howard Floery and

Ernst Chain found a way to make penicillin in large quantities.

Alexander Fleming returned to his research laboratory at St.

Mary’s Hospital in London after World War I. His battlefront

experience had shown him how serious a killer bacteria could

be, much worse even than enemy artillery. He wanted to find a

chemical that could stop bacterial infection.

He discovered lysozome, an enzyme occurring in many

body fluids, such as tears. It had a natural antibacterial effect,

but not against the strongest infectious agents. He kept

looking. Fleming had so much going on in his lab that it was

often in a jungle. This disorder proved very fortunate. In 1928,

he was straightening up a pile of Petri dishes where he has

been growing bacteria, but which had been piled in the sink.

He opened each one and examined it before tossing it into the

cleaning solution. One made him stop and say, “That’s funny.”

Some mold was growing in one of the dishes. …not too

unusual, but all around the mold, the staph bacteria had been

killed … very unusual. He took a sample of the mold. He

found that it was from the penicillium family, later specified as

Penicillium notalum. Fleming presented his findings in 1929,

but they raised little interest. He published a report on

penicillin and its potential uses in the British Journal of

Experimental Pathology.

III. Comprehension check.

1. Match the following words and their meaning by

placing the proper letter on each black.

_1. toss a) cause (a vechile) to crash

_2. pile b) throw up

_3. fortunate c) go or penetrate below the surface

esp. of a liquid.

_4. bacteria d) lucky

_5. sink e) unicellular micro-organism lacking

an

organized nucleus

_6. infection f) microorganisms

_7. Mold e) disease

2. Read the text again to decide if the statements are true or

false? Correct the false ones with the facts from the text.

1. A killer bacteria couldn’t be worse than enemy artillery.

2. Lysozome occurs in many body’s parts, such as throat.

3. Penicillin was discovered accidentally by H. Floery and E.

Chain.

4. A mold can kill bacteria.

5. Fleming’s findings in 1929 raised much interest.

IV. Answer the questions.

1. New information he/she has learnt from the text?

2. Life could be much worse without special drugs, chemicals.

V. Answer the questions.

1. What associations does the word “penicillin” call

to mind?

2. Make the list of ideas.

Variant 2

Text 2

Transplanting Man’s Heart

I. Study the words. Make sure you know them.

organ transplants, danger, artificial, antigen, technique, vessels,

patient, donor, recipient.

II. Read the text and do the tasks following it.

On January 2, 1968, an amazing occurrence in the history

of medicine took place. On that day a South African doctor,

Christian Barnard, successfully transplanted a human heart

into a man named Philip Blaiberg. The technique he used in

performing his surgery had been developed in 1959.

Although very many organ transplants are still being

performed, they are slightly less publicized today than they

were in 1968 and 1969. The original feelings of success wore

off quickly when the doctors discovered that they had not

completely solved all the problems of such operations. One of

the biggest problems is the fact that the patient's system is not

always willing to accept a foreign organ. It works against,

rather than with it. When this happens, the transplant is a failure,

and the patient's life is in danger. On August 17, 1969,

Doctor Barnard's patient died because his body rejected his

new heart.

The history of transplanting human organs began in the

1930S. The first attempts were made on the cornea of the eye.

Since the cornea has no blood vessels, there was no necessity

of typing the patient and donor's antigens. Most of these

operations were successful.

Surgeons first tried to transplant a kidney in the early

1950S. To avoid the need for typing, the donor and recipient at

that time were twins. For a number of years, such an operation

was only successful when performed on twins. But by 1969,

due to the development of agents that would prevent rejection,

kidney transplants were made successfully on unrelated

persons. If a patient survived the first three months after the

operation, he was given an eighty percent chance of living

three more years or longer. The liver, pancreas, and lung have

been transplanted with success.

Throughout the history of medicine, doctors have worked to

Invent better methods of saving the lives of their patients. The

steps they have taken to do this have been slow and often

frustrating. Doctors and scientists are constantly confronted with

new problems just when they think that old ones have been

solved. In the field of heart transplants, doctors are now working

to perfect artificial hearts that will keep patients alive until heart

transplant donors have been found. An operation for this

purpose was performed for the first time in the United States on

April 4, 1969. The artificial heart kept the patient alive for two

and a half days until it was replaced by a donor's heart.

An ultimate goal in heart transplant research is to make an

artificial heart that can remain in the patient's body for the rest of

his life. Many problems must be combatted in this search. The

lives of many men are valiantly devoted to the task of saving the

human heart. Perhaps in the near future they will completely

succeed.

III. Comprehension Check.

1. Match the words and their meaning by placing the proper

letters on each blank.

__1. surgery a. injured, harmed

__2. publicized b. treatment of disease by operation

__3. solution c. the answer to the problem

__4. damaged d. an end or objective

__5. goal e. made widely known, advertised

__6. donor f. a person who goes smth., or

offers smth.

2. Write S, A or N in front of each pair of words to tell

whether they are synonyms or antonyms or neither. The

first one is done for you.

A. artificial / natural

- chance / possibility

- operation / purpose

- success / failure

- advance / development

- man / person

- artificial / man-made

- make / enjoy

- many / few

- alive / magic

- purely / slowly

- complete / not full

- begin / start

- survive / discover

3. What do you think.