3. Complex subject
Субъектный инфинитивный оборот
C
omplex
Subject
ПОДЛЕЖАЩЕЕ ИНФИНИТИВ
+ сказуемое +
Правило перевода: предложением с вводными словами или неопределённо-личным предложением.
Сказуемое может быть выражено:
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Глаголами в пассивном залоге: |
Глаголами в активном залоге: |
Словосочетаниями: |
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be said - говорят |
to seem - казаться |
to be likely - очевидно, вероятно |
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be known - известно |
to appear - оказываться (по-видимому) |
to be unlikely- маловероятно |
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be seen - видели |
to prove - доказывать, оказываться |
to be sure - безусловно, конечно |
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be reported - сообщают |
to turn out - оказываться, |
to be certain- конечно, несомненно |
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be expected - ожидается полагают/ |
to chance - случаться |
to be uncertain - сомнительно |
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Be supposed- полагают/предполагают |
to happen -случаться, оказываться |
Cars are certain to cause air pollution. Машины, несомненно, вызывают загрязнение воздуха.
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be considered - считают, полагают |
Пример: Environmental pollution is proved to be significant obstacle to economic growth. Оказывается, загрязнение окружающей среды является значительным препятствием для экономического роста.
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be believed - считают, полагают | ||
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Be found - обнаружено | ||
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be thought - считается | ||
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Пример: Life on the Earth is known to be impossible without ozone. Известно, что жизнь на Земле невозможна без озона. |
He is said to avoid all sorts of arguments.
He is said to have graduated from Oxford University.
He seems to mention the problem in the last chapter of his book.
He seems to have taken an advantage of the favorable conditions.
The story may appear to be oversimplified.
He appeared to have lost interest in physics altogether.
This scientist is known to be keeping in touch with the latest developments in his field of research.
He is known to have established a school of his own.
Science is known to affect the lives of people.
He happens to work at the same problem.
The work is likely to contribute to the solution of the problem.
He is sure to argue about it.
Deformation appeared to have no measurable effect of conductivity.
They seem to have applied strong ionization.
The Greeks seem to have manufactured the first lens.
He seems to know the rule well.
Your advice proved to be helpful.
Gold was proven to be unattacked by moisture.
The acid seems to dissolve the precipitate.
They are likely to change the position of this device.
The results obtained were found to be in perfect agreement with earlier findings.
The people from the Institute of Optics are known to work hard at a new device.
The new method is believed to have given good results.
The result was expected to agree with theoretical predictions.
The theory suggested by Dr. McCarty is reported to fit the experimental data.
Other gases were found to behave like air.
The interpretation was found to be convincing.
Dr. Meyer is supposed to arrive at 10.
Here is the substance that has been shown to possess the properties required.
They obtained what seemed to be a strong acid.
They built what is believed to be the greatest church of that time.
The bottle was filled with what appeared to be lemonade.
Water is considered to be a chemical element.
This student has never been thought to pass examinations.
He does not appear to know them.
This substance was not observed to possess radioactive properties.
This substance is believed not to exhibit radiation.
He does not appear to be concerned with the problem.
He was not expected to spoil the sample.
The human body is not likely to tolerate such temperature.
He is not believed to represent the majority.
The discussion is not claimed to cover the whole range of present-day research.
This equation may easily be demonstrated to be a first order equation.
This substance is seen through a microscope to consist of small crystals.
This method was considered by the author to be inaccurate.
The theory is discussed and found to be substantially in agreement with the experimental results.
This element was isolated and found to possess valuable properties.
There seems to be some confusion of terms in the paper.
There seems to be no practical limit to intensity.
There seems to exist a great need to experimenting.
4. FOR - INFINITIVE CONSTRUCTION
Модель: for + сущ./местоимение в падеже + инфинитив
Правило перевода: Существительное или местоимение, стоящее после предлога "for" должно выполнить действие инфинитива. Часто переводится придаточным предложением с союзом "чтобы".
Пример: It is important for him to fulfill this task. Важно, чтобы он выполнил это задание.
For the reaction to take place two conditions must be met.
It is for you to analyze which of these two methods is wrong.
It is important for scientists to know the structure of the material world.
The tendency is for science to become more and more mathematical.
Eight minutes are required for light to travel from the Sun to the Earth.
For the system to be correct it must only use well-established components.
The approach suggested for the problem to tackle was suitable for students.
For any natural physical state to change, some changes of the condition acting upon this state must occur.
The equipment is too complex for a common operator to control.
For two molecules to react they must be in contact.
The time required for amount of radiation to be reduced to half the original amount is different for different materials.
It was impossible for us to make this axle rotate without anybody’s help.
Watch the operator to work; this is the most important thing for you to do at the plant.
For the exam to pass successfully you have to work at your English during the whole term.
It is not quite difficult for students to work regularly.
The time required for a mass to come to rest can be calculated without difficulty.
The problem discussed is too complex for you to handle.
There is nothing for them to worry about.
The students were waiting for the assistant to adjust the device for work.
It is advisable for post-graduates to know at least one foreign language.
For а body to be set in motion an external force should be applied.
It was for him to give a report at the meeting of our Scientific Society.
A new way of mathematical analysis is the task for the group to solve.
Several weeks are in need for this process to finish its loop.
For the validity of a new theory to be proved a lot of experiments are to be carried out.
It is usual for a score or more of major new construction projects in a dozen countries to be under construction simultaneously.
During inflation there is a tendency for prices and wages to rise, that is, for the value of money to fall.
There are no reasons for the business cycle to exist in the planned economy.
There will undoubtedly be tendencies for monopoly states to break away from international ties in order to rescue their national economies from the crisis.
A group of journalists and photographers was waiting for the icebreaker to arrive.
5. MODAL VERBS + PERFECT INFINITIVE
Модель: модальный глагол (may, must/ have to /be to, can/could, should, ought to) + перфектный инфинитив (have +V3)
Правило перевода:
а) may - вводным словом “возможно”, всё остальное предложение –в прошедшем времени.
You may have seen this article in the book. - Возможно, ты видел эту статью в книге.
б) must - вводным словом “должно быть”, всё остальное в прошедшем времени.
He must have left.-Он, должно быть, ушел.
в) Предложения со всеми остальными модальными глаголами (should, ought to, could) переводятся также в прошедшем времени, но с оттенком упрёка о несделанном, с частицей “бы”).
You should have taken the text-book in the library. – Вам следовало бы взять учебник в библиотеке (сожаление, упрёк в том, что не сделано).
* Модальные глаголы can/could + перфектный инфинитив в вопросительном и отрицательном предложениях могут переводиться словами «Неужели…+ прошедшее время» и «Не может быть, чтобы… + прошедшее время»
Could he have come? – Неужели он пришел?
He couldn’t have come. – Не может быть, чтобы он пришел./ Он вряд ли пришел.
г) глагол to be в прошедшем времени + перфектный инфинитив обозначает действие, которое должно было произойти, но не произошло.
He was to have come. – Он должен был прийти, но не пришел.
The students must have finished their experiment.
The students may have finished their experiment.
The students might have finished their experiment.
The students can’t have finished their experiment.
The students needn’t have finished their experiment.
The students ought to have finished their experiment.
The students should have finished their experiment.
Can the students have finished their experiment?
The students were to have finished their experiment.
The students could have finished their experiment.
Could the students have finished their experiment?
The students couldn’t have finished their experiment.
The students would have finished their experiment.
The students shouldn’t have finished experiment.
The experiment must have been finished.
The experiment may have been finished.
The experiment might have been finished.
The experiment can’t have been finished.
The experiment needn’t have been finished.
The experiment ought to have been finished.
The experiment should have been finished.
Can the experiment have been finished?
The experiment was to have been finished.
The experiment could have been finished.
Could the experiment have been finished?
The experiment couldn’t have been finished.
The experiment shouldn’t have been finished.
Rigidity in this new structure must have been as essential as strength.
He may have got the condenser he needed.
He might have known that to cut down the flow of water in a pipe you need only to shut off a valve.
Each shift might have followed on where the preceding one stopped.
He couldn’t have said it. This line should have been put into operation long ago.
Could he have overlooked such a serious mistake?
They ought to have paid more attention to the problem of fuel consumption.
You were to have used a device specially designed to measure certain physical changes in the atmosphere.
Originally, the Earth’s temperature must have been extremely high.
The student ought to have been careful while working, with this instrument. Now the instrument is broken.
They should have tested the new equipment.
You might have done this work yourself.
He may have finished his experiment, but we are not sure.
The explosion must have occurred long ago.
No living beings could have survived in such a climate.
Some problems of science could not have been solved without isotopes.
Could these rocks have been more than 5000 years old?
Life may have existed on this distant planet.
You might have made the experiment more carefully.
I could have gone to the conference, but I lost my invitation.
This phenomenon was to have been considered.
I don’t think it could have been the textbook you mentioned yesterday.