- •Lesson 1
- •Text a a first look at computers
- •Text b a short history of the personal computer
- •Text c renewing your license with a touchscreen
- •Lesson 2
- •Text a types of computers
- •Text b steve jobs and the NeXt computer
- •Text c learning a foreign language with hypertext
- •Lesson 3
- •Text a living with computers
- •Text b bits of history
- •Text c hot rod chips
- •Lesson 4
- •Text a elements of hardware
- •Text b history of the chip
- •Text c software down on the farm
- •Lesson 5
- •Text a memory
- •Internal Memory
- •Text b engineering with cad
- •Text c help for nurses from helpmate
- •Lesson 6
- •Text a elements of hardware
- •Input/Output Telecommunication
- •Text b the first computer
- •Text c creating 3-d models with a digitizer
- •Lesson 7
- •Text a types of software
- •Text b generations of computers
- •Text c monitoring weather at portland general electric
- •Lesson 8
- •Text a software package terminology
- •Text b bits of history – software
- •Text c surviving in kuwait
- •Lesson 9
- •Text a types of software
- •Integrated Software
- •Text b the “father” of the mouse
- •Text c data base helps fight on aids
- •Additional materials texts networks supporting the way we live
- •Modern networks
- •Workstation
- •What is dsp?
- •From Analog to Digital
- •Blinding Speed
- •DsPs versus Microprocessors
- •Different dsPs For Different Jobs
- •Dsp Evolution
- •Things that have dsPs
- •Robots Definitions
- •History
- •Early modern developments
- •Modern developments
- •General-purpose autonomous robots
- •Dedicated robots
- •Computer-aided manufacturing
- •Integration with plm and the extended enterprise
- •Basic and the first pc
- •Tools of the trade
- •Is "bug-free" software possible?
- •Prison inmates pass their time with programming
- •All circuits are busy
- •A data base with a view
- •Computer-aided school bus routing
- •Smart workers for smart machines
- •Robotics and the chip
- •The importance of software
- •" I ’ ll have the usual"
- •Exercises
- •Infinitives
- •Topics general information about the usa
- •Usa history, customs and traditions.
- •First programmers
- •My plans for future
- •My future profession
- •Glossary
Dsp Evolution
Just a decade and a half ago, digital signal processing was more theory than practice. The only systems capable of doing signal processing were massive mainframes and supercomputers and even then, much of the processing was done not in real time, but off-line in batches. For example, seismic data was collected in the field, stored on magnetic tapes and then taken to a computing center, where a mainframe might take hours or days to digest the information.
The first practical real-time DSP systems emerged in the late 1970s and used bipolar "bit-slice" components. Large quantities of these building-block chips were needed to design a system, at considerable effort and expense. Uses were limited to esoteric high-end technology, such as military and space systems. The economics began to change in the early 80s with the advent of single-chip MOS (Metal-Oxide Semiconductor) DSPs. Cheaper and easier to design-in than building blocks, these "monolithic" processors meant that digital signal processing could be cost-effectively integrated into an array of ordinary products. The early single-chip processors were relatively simple 16-bit devices, which, teamed with 8- or 10-bit ADCs, were suitable for low-speed applications, general-purpose coders such as talking toys, simple controllers, and vocoders; (voice encoding devices used in telecommunications).
Things that have dsPs
Some typical and well-known items which contain one (or many) embedded DSPs:
Sending an e-mail to a friend in another country
cell phones
fax machines
DVD players and other home audio equipment
cars (for example: the anti-lock braking system)
computer disk drives
satellites (they have a lot)
the "switch" at your local telephone company (more than a lot)
digital radios
high-resolution printers
digital cameras
Robots Definitions
It is difficult to compare numbers of robots in different countries, since there are different definitions of what a "robot" is. The International Organization for Standardization gives a definition of robot in ISO 8373: "an automatically controlled, reprogrammable, multipurpose, manipulator programmable in three or more axes, which may be either fixed in place or mobile for use in industrial automation applications." This definition is used by the International Federation of Robotics, the European Robotics Research Network (EURON), and many national standards committees.
The Robotics Institute of America (RIA) uses a broader definition: a robot is a "re-programmable multi-functional manipulator designed to move materials, parts, tools, or specialized devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks". The RIA subdivides robots into four classes: devices that manipulate objects with manual control, automated devices that manipulate objects with predetermined cycles, programmable and servo-controlled robots with continuous point-to-point trajectories, and robots of this last type which also acquire information from the environment and move intelligently in response.
There is no one definition of robot which satisfies everyone, and many people have their own. For example, Joseph Engelberger, a pioneer in industrial robotics, once remarked: "I can't define a robot, but I know one when I see one." According to Encyclopaedia Britannica, a robot is "any automatically operated machine that replaces human effort, though it may not resemble human beings in appearance or perform functions in a humanlike manner". Merriam-Webster describes a robot as a "machine that looks like a human being and performs various complex acts (as walking or talking) of a human being", or a "device that automatically performs complicated often repetitive tasks", or a "mechanism guided by automatic controls".