Архитектура Строительство_Ин Яз

c)English architects kept on using ponderous exterior decorations.

4.Gothic was used for cathedrals, churches and monasteries.

a)Gothic was used for industrial buildings.

b)Gothic was used for ecclesiastic structures.

c)In most European countries artists imitated architectural styles from northern France.

Read the text and speak on the reason of imitation of Gothic architecture

NEO-GOTHIC

The architectural movement most commonly associated with Romanticism is the Gothic Revival, a term first used in England in the mid-19th century to describe buildings being erected in the style of the Middle Ages and later expanded to embrace the entire Neo-Gothic movement.

The first clearly self-conscious imitation of Gothic architecture for reasons of nostalgia appeared in England in the early 18th century. Buildings erected at that time in the Gothic manner were for the most part frivolous and decorative garden ornaments, actually more Rococo than Gothic in spirit. But, with the rebuilding beginning in 1747 of the country house Strawberry Hill by the English writer Horace Walpole, a new and significant aspect of the revived style was given convincing form; and, by the beginning of the 19th century, picturesque planning and grouping provided the basis for experimentation in architecture. Gothic was especially suited to this aim. Scores of houses with battlements and turrets in the style of a castle were built in England during the last years of the 18th century.

French architects, in particular, Viollet-le-Duc, who restored a range of buildings from the Sainte-Chapelle and Notre-Dame in Paris to the whole town of Carcassonne, were the first to appreciate the applicability of the Gothic skeleton structure, with its light infilling, to a modern age, and the analogy was not lost on subsequent architects at a time when the steel frame was emerging as an important element of structural engineering. Functionalism and structural honesty as ideals in the Modern movement were a legacy of the Gothic Revival.

Not surprisingly, the Gothic Revival was felt with most force in those countries in which Gothic architecture itself was most in evidence — England, France, and Germany. Each conceived it as a national style, and each gave to it a strong and characteristic twist of its own.

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THE REBIRTH OF CLASSICAL ART

Warming-up

1.What is the meaning of the word "Renaissance"?

2.In what country did this style originate?

3.What do you know about the Renaissance in Russia?

Text 1.

Read the text and tell about the Renaissance in Italy and in Russia.

THE RENAISSANCE

The Renaissance began in Italy, where there was always a residue of classical feeling in art.

Knowledge of the classical style in architecture was derived during the Renaissance from two sources: the ancient classical buildings, particularly in Italy but also in France and Spain and the treatise De architectura by the Roman architect Vitruvius. For classical antiquity and, therefore, for the Renaissance, the basic element of architectural design was the order, which was a system of traditional architectural units. During the Renaissance five orders were used, the Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, and Composite, with various ones prevalent in different periods. For example, the ornate, decorative quality of the Corinthian order was embraced during the early Renaissance, while the masculine simplicity and strength of the Doric was preferred during the Italian High Renaissance.

On the authority of Vitruvius, the Renaissance architects found a harmony between the proportions of the human body and those of their architecture. There was even a relationship between architectural proportions and the Renaissance pictorial device of perspective.

The concern of these architects for proportion caused that clear, measured expression and definition of architectural space and mass that differentiates the Renaissance style from the Gothic and encourages in the spectator an immediate and full comprehension of the building.

In the early 15th century an Italian architect Filippo Brunelleschi formulated linear perspective, which was to become a basic element of Renaissance art. At the same time, Brunelleschi investigated ancient Roman architecture and acquired the knowledge of classical architecture and ornament that he used as a foundation for Renaissance architecture.

His brilliant vork, the loggia of the Ospedale degli Innocenti (1419— 51) was the first building in the Renaissance manner; a very graceful arcade was designed with Composite columns, and windows with classical pediments were regularly spaced above each of the arches.

Donato Bramante's Tempietto San Pietro in Montorio (1502) symbolized the beginning of the High Renaissance style in Rome. Erected on the supposed site of the martyrdom of St. Peter, the Tempietto is circular in plan, with a colonnade of 16 columns surrounding a small cella, or enclosed interior sanctuary.

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In 1505 Pope Julius II decided to rebuild St. Peter's, which was in a very poor condition. Bramante prepared plans for a monumental church and in 1506 the foundation stone was laid.

St. Peter's Cathedral is the largest church in the Christian world. It has 29 altars in addition to the high altar, interior length, 187m.,width at front, 26,5 m., length of transept, 137 m. The dome (diameter, 42 m., height, 123 m. to the top of the lantern) was built by Michelangelo.

In Russia the Renaissance is represented by the works of Italian masters (the Moscow Kremlin, the 15th — 16th cc.) The cathedral of the Assumption was built in 1475—1479 by Aristotile Fioravante on the site of an old church dating back to the reign of Ivan Kalita. By combining the characteristic features of the VladimirSuzdal and early-Moscow style with Italian Renaissance decoration and construction methods Fioravante produced a masterpiece of lasting beauty. Another example is the Cathedral of the Archangel Michael, designed by Alevisio Novi in 1505-1508.

The Granovitaya Palata Faceted Pulace (1487—91) was built by Russian craftsmen according to the design of Italian architects Marco Ruffo, Aloisio da Carcano, and Pietro Antonio Solari. Its eastern facade is faced with faceted white stones, hence the name.

Vocabulary to embrace — воспользоваться, выбирать masculine — мужской, мужественный

authority — (зд.) авторитетное мнение, утверждение device — средство

to cause — вызывать, являться результатом

to encourage — ободрять, поощрять, поддерживать immediate — непосредственный, прямой; немедленный comprehension — понимание

to acquire — приобретать graceful — грациозный, изящный

arcade — аркада, сводчатая галерея pediment — фронтон

martyrdom — мученичество

enclosed — окруженный, огороженный sanctuary — святилище

to lay — (зд.) заложить фундамент lantern — фонарь верхнего света assumption — (рел.) успение hence — отсюда; следовательно

I. Complete the following sentences.

1. For the classical antiquity and for the Renaissance the ... was the basic element of architectural design.

a) order

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b)asymmetry

c)the effect of illusionism

2.Clear measured expression and definition of architectural space and mass differentiates the Renaissance style from ...

a)the Rococo

b)the Gothic

c)the Byzantine style

3.It was an Italian Renaissance architect perspective.

a)Filippo Brunelleschi

b)Donato Bramante

c)Pietro Lombardo

4.The first building in the Renaissance manner was

a)Tempietto San Pietro

b)Palazzo Medici-Riccardi

c)the loggia of the Ospedale degli Innocenti

who formulated linear

5.The largest church in the Christian world is ...

a)St. Paul's Cathedral

b)St. Peter's Cathedral

c)Gloucester Cathedral

6.The cathedral of the Assumption was built by ...

a)Fioravante

b)Novi

c)Bernini

7.The eastern facade of the Faceted Palace is faced with

a)mosaics

b)glazed tile

c)faceted white stones

Read the text and speak on a typical example of the Renaissance style in England.

Text 2

The Renaissance style in England

The Renaissance style of architecture made a very timid appearance in England during the first half of the 16th century, and it was only from about 1550 that it became a positive style with local qualities. In fact, the Gothic style continued in many parts of England throughout most of the 16th century, and English Renaissance architecture was a very original fusion of the Tudor Gothic and classical styles.

The Renaissance style really begins in England in the middle of the 16th century in architecture built for the circle of the Lord Protector Somerset.

A typical example of the Renaissance style of England is to be found in the quadrangle that John Caius added to Gonville Hall at Cambridge.

The architecture of the new court was basically Tudor Gothic, but Caius

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planned three gateways in connection with the court, two of which were in Italian style. The three gates were to mark the progress of the student through the university. At the entrance was the Gate of Humility (1565), a modest doorway, now in the Master's garden. The Gate of Virtue (after 1565), opening into the new quadrangle, is a fine classical portal with Ionic pilasters, but with a Tudor Gothic many-centred arch for the opening. Finally, the Gate of Honour (1573) is a separate tiny triumphal arch leading out toward the schools for the final disputation and degree.

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BAROQUE AND ROCOCO

Warming-up

1.When did the Baroque flourish?

2.What world famous Baroque landmarks do you know?

3.Who brought the Baroque to Russia?

Text 1.

Read the text and tell about the main features of the Baroque.

BAROQUE

Baroque and late Baroque, or Rococo, are terms applied to European art of the period from the early 17th century to the mid-18th century.

"Baroque" was probably derived from the Italian word barocco. This term was used by philosophers during the Middle Ages to describe an obstacle in schematic logic. This word also described an irregular or imperfectly shaped pearl.

During the Baroque period (c. 1600-1750), architecture, painting, and sculpture were integrated into decorative ensembles. Architecture and sculpture became pictorial, and painting became illusionistic. Baroque art was essentially concerned with vivid colours, hidden light sources, luxurious materials, and elaborate, contrasting surface textures.

Baroque architects made architecture a means of propagating faith in the church and in the state. Baroque space, with directionality, movement, and positive molding, contrasted markedly with the static, stable, and defined space of the High Renaissance and with the frustrating conflict of unbalanced spaces of the preceding Mannerist period. Mannerism is the term applied to certain aspects of artistic style, mainly Italian, in the period between the High Renaissance of the early 16th century and the beginning of Baroque art in the early 17th.

The Baroque rapidly developed into two separate forms: the strongly Roman Catholic countries (Italy, Spain, Portugal, Flanders, Bohemia, southern Germany, Austria, and Poland) tended toward freer and more active architectural forms and surfaces; in Protestant regions (England, the Netherlands, and the remainder of northern Europe) architecture was more restrained and developed a sober quiet monumentally impressive in its refinement. In the Protestant countries and France, which sought the spirit through the mind, architecture was more geometric, formal, and precise — an appeal to the intellect.

Hardouin-Mansart's Dome des Invalides, Paris (c. 1675), is generally agreed to be the finest church of the last half of the 17th century in France. The correctness and precision of its form, the harmony and balance of its spaces, and the soaring vigour of its dome make it a landmark not only of the Paris skyline but also of European Baroque architecture.

Other greatest works of this style are the church of Santa Susanna (Maderno, c.1597), Versailles (Le Vau), National Palace in Madrid (Sacchelti, 1736),

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Royal Palace at Caserta (Vanvitelli, 1752).

Vocabulary

to apply — применять to derive — происходить

the Middle Ages — Средние века, средневековье obstacle — препятствие

pearl — жемчуг vivid — яркий, ясный hidden — скрытый

luxurious — роскошный

elaborate — тщательно разработанный, искусно сделанный surface — поверхность

means — средство faith — вера

preceding — предшествующий rapidly — быстро

to tend — иметь тенденцию; направляться the remainder — остальная часть restrained — сдержанный

sober — трезвый, спокойный (о красках) refinement — утонченность

to seek (sought) — искать; обращаться spirit — дух

precise — точный

an appeal — призыв, обращение

c)geometric

5.Dome des Invalides, Paris is generally agreed to be ... church of the last half of the 17th century in France.

II. Choose the right sentences.

1.During the Baroque period architecture and sculpture became pictorial.

a)Baroque architects and sculptors used luxurious materials.

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b)"Baroque" means imperfectly shaped pearl.

c)Baroque architects and sculptors used the methods of painting.

2.Baroque art was concerned with vivid colours, hidden light sources and elaborate contrasting surface structures.

a)Baroque art was characterized by vivid colours, hidden light sources and elaborate contrasting surface structures.

b)The Baroque never exploited hidden light sources.

c)The Baroque developed from the early 17th century to the mid 18th

century.

3.This style contrasted markedly with the High Renaissance and Mannerism.

a)The Baroque resembled the High Renaissance and Mannerism.

b)The Baroque had little in common with the High Renaissance and Mannerism.

c)The Mannerist period featured the frustrating conflict of unbalanced

spaces.

4.In Protestant regions architecture was restrained.

a)In Protestant regions architecture was austere.

b)In Protestant regions architecture had free and active forms.

5.Domes des Invalides is the finest church of European Baroque Architecture.

a)Domes des Invalides is the finest church of the 18th century.

b)Domes des Invalides was built in 1675.

c)Domes des Invalides is a masterpiece of European Baroque architecture.

III. Circle a), b), or c) to complete the following sentences.

1.The term "Baroque" was used by philosophers ...

a)during the period of the Enlightenment

b)during the Middle Ages

c)in ancient times

2.During the Baroque period architecture and sculpture became ...

c)scientific research

5.The Baroque rapidly developed into two separate ...

Text 2.

Read the text and speak on the difference between the Baroque and Rococo.

ROCOCO

During the period of the Enlightenment (about 1700 to 1780), various currents of post-Baroque art and architecture evolved. A principal current, generally known as Rococo, refined the robust architecture of the 17th century to

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suit elegant 18th-century tastes. Vivid colours were replaced by pastel shades; diffuse light flooded the building volume; violent surface relief was replaced by smooth flowing masses with emphasis only at isolated points. Churches and palaces still exhibited an integration of the three arts, but the building structure was lightened to render interiors graceful and ethereal. Interior and exterior space retained none of the bravado and dominance of the Baroque but entertained and captured the imagination by intricacy and subtlety.

By progressively modifying the Renaissance-Baroque horizontal separation into discrete parts, Rococo architects obtained unified spaces, emphasized structural elements, created continuous decorative schemes, and reduced column sizes to a minimum. In churches, the ceilings of side aisles were raised to the height of the nave ceiling to unify the space from wall to wall (Church of the Carmine, Turin, Italy, 1732, by Filippo Juvarra; Pilgrimage Church, Steinhausen, near Biberach, Germany, 1728, by Domini-kus Zimmermann; Saint-Jacques, Luneville, France, 1730, by Germain Boffrand.

Vocabulary to evolve — происходить, возникать current — течение

robust — крепкий; сильный; грубый to replace — заменять

to flood — литься цотоком flowing — текущий

ethereal — легкий, воздушный

to retain — сохранять, поддерживать to entertain — занимать, извлекать to capture — захватывать, увлекать intricacy — запутанность, сложность subtlety — тонкость, нежность

discrete — раздельный, состоящий из разрозненных частей to obtain — получать, приобретать

to reduce — сокращать, уменьшать

5.In churches, the ceilings of side aisles were raised to the height of the nave

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NEOCLASSICISM

Warming-up

1.Why is this style called Neoclassicism?

2.How did excavations at the newly discovered ancient cities influence Neoclassicism?

3.What are the finest examples of this style?

Read the text and tell about the qualities of Neoclassical architecture.

The classicism that flourished in the period of 1750-1830 is often known as Neoclassicism, in order to distinguish it from the classical architecture of ancient Rome or of the Renaissance.

The search for the intellectual and architectural truth characterized the period. Stylistically this began with an onslaught on Baroque architecture, which

— with its emphasis on illusion and applied ornament — was felt to be manifestly untruthful.

Essentially representing a new taste for classical serenity and archaeologically correct forms, 18th-century classicism manifested itself in all the arts.

The discovery, exploration, and archaeological investigation of classical sites in Italy, Greece, and Asia Minor were crucial to the emergence of Neoclassicism.

The centre of international Neoclassicism was Rome. The cradle of Italian antiquities, it provided the stage, but the leading actors in the Neoclassical drama were French, German, or English; very little was contributed by Italians to this new movement. The centre of activity was the French Academy. The winners of the Academy's Prix de Rome went to Italy to study the monuments firsthand. The projects produced by the French Prix de Rome winners are characterized by their grandeur of scale; strict geometric organization; simplicity of geometric forms; Greek or Roman detail; dramatic use of columns, particularly to articulate interior spaces and create urban landscapes; and a preference for blank walls and the contrast of formal volumes and textures. The same qualities describe Neoclassical architecture as it was to emerge throughout Europe and in America.

Vocabulary

search — поиск

onslaught — нападение, атака serenity — ясность

to manifest — проявлять

exploration — изучение, исследование crucial — решающий

emergence — появление

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