- •1. Morphological structure of a word. Classification of Morphemes.
- •2. Modern English Phraseology
- •3. The Verb. The categories of Tense and Aspect.
- •4. The Latin borrowings of different periods and their historical background Dark ages
- •Middle ages
- •Renaissance
- •Industrial age
- •5. French as the most important foreign influence on the English language.
- •Contact with French.
- •6. The Noun
- •The category of case
- •7. The Verb
- •Category of voice
- •8. The Theory of Phrase(Ph)
- •The Group of Phrases
- •Subordinate word-groups fall into two parts: the head (an independent component) and the adjunct (a dependent component)
- •Subordinate word-groups can be classified:
- •Predicative word-groups
- •9 The sentence(s) The sentence.
- •Classification of sentences.
- •Parts of the sentence
- •10. Categorical structure of the word
- •11. The theory of phoneme
- •11. Lexical stylistic devices
- •13. The theory of intonation
- •14. Phonetic and Graphical stylistic devices
- •15. Syntactical stylistic devices
- •16. Parts of Speech
- •17.Various ways of word-building in me
- •18. Adjective
- •Degrees of comparison as a grammatical category-
- •19. Category of Definiteness – Indefiniteness (The Noun)
- •1) The limiting function.
- •20. Lexico-syntactical stylistic devices
- •21. Types of meaning (m)
11. The theory of phoneme
1) Phonology is a branch of linguistics which deals with the relations among speech sounds in particular languages and contrasting with phonetics. The functional unit – phoneme; each phoneme in a particular language can have several phonetic realizations (allophones).
There are many definitions of the phoneme:
D.Johnes: a phoneme is a family of sounds in a given language which are related in character and are used such a way that no one member (allophone) never occurs in a word in the same phonetic context.
Л.Щерба: is a functional material and abstract unit.
Якобсон: is a minimal sound by which the meaning may be distinguished.
2) Functions of the phoneme:
1. Discriminatory: the phoneme distinguishes one morpheme from another, one word from another. The opposition of the phonemes in the same phonetic environment differentiates the meaning.
Ex. Bath – path; He was heard(t) badly.
2. Recognitive: the phoneme is material, real and objective that means it is realized in speech in the form of speech sound (allophones).
3. Constitutive: allophones of the same phoneme function as the same linguistic unit. Allophones of each phoneme possess a bundle of distinctive features that makes this phoneme functionally different from all other phonemes in a language.
Allophones: dialectical, individual variations, phono-stylistic.
3) Finding allophones&phonemes – the classic way of using minimal pairs (is a pair of words in a language which differ in 2 ways: in meaning, in one&only one phonetic segment. Allophones do not change the meaning.
The behavior of allophones in the phonetic context is called distribution:
1. Contrastive (allophones of different phonemes occur in the same position distinguishing the meaning of different words (bad – mad)).
2. Complementary (allophones of one and the same phoneme never occur in identical positions).
3. Free-variant (allophones of one and the same phoneme occur in the same position but are in capable of differentiating a meaning).
4. Parallel (different phonemes occur in the same phonetic enviroment).
4) The system of Eng. phonemes – vowels&consonants (difference).
1. The auditory: c. are voice&noise combined, v. – only voice.
2. The acoustic: v. are complex periodic vibrations (tones): c. are non-periodic vibrations (noise). Voiceless c. are pure noises, voiced c. are a combination of noise&tone. Sonorans are mostly sounds of tone with a little addition of noise.
3. The articulatory: v. are sounds in the production of which there is no articulatory abstraction to the air stream, the muscular tension is defused, and the force of the air stream is weak. C. –\\– there is an a.a. to the a.s. (complete, incomplete, partially complete), the m.t. is concentrated in the place of abstraction, the force of the a.s. is strong. S. occupied the intermediate position (there is an abstraction but not narrow enough to produce noise, the m.t. is concentrated but the force of a.s. is rather weak).
5) Modifications of phonemes in connected speech:
1. Assimilation (complete – less sugar, partial – at the, intermediate – newspaper).
2. Accomodation (never, man, конь, больно).
3. Vowel reduction (neutral e).
4. Ellision (debt, doubt, high).