- •U n I t 10
- •Three Types of Conditional Sentences
- •Reading rules
- •Grammar
- •Wishing about the Present and Past
- •Three Types of Conditional Sentences
- •Emphasis
- •Exercise 26 Let’s talk about writers (artists, composers, etc.) both classical and modern. Express your opinion on Tolstoy, Shevchenko, Levitan, Mozart, etc.
- •Compound Conjunctions (Складові сполучники)
- •Compound Prepositions (Складові прийменники)
- •Reading and discussion Active Vocabulary
- •Irregular verbs
- •The future of rail transportation
- •Four Eurasian Corridors
- •China to attempt new world speed record
- •Faster Than Airplane
- •Conversational practice
- •Word building
- •Grammar revision
- •Thoughts, that help us live
U n I t 10
Grammar: Subjunctive Mood
Three Types of Conditional Sentences
Emphasis
Compound Conjunctions
Compound Prepositions
Text: The Future of Rail Transportation
Supplementary text A: Four Eurasian Corridors
Supplementary text B: China to Attempt New World Speed Record
Supplementary text C: Faster Than Airplane
Reading rules
A a |
[ɒ] |
після w, qu у закритому складі |
watch, quality |
[O:] |
після w, qu у закритому складі перед r |
war, quarter | |
[O:] |
перед l + приголосний |
call , also , fall | |
[O:] |
у сполученні з u |
autumn | |
[O:] |
перед w |
law , saw |
Exercise 1 Read the following words.
quantity |
quarter |
always |
auction |
paw |
quality |
warp |
tall |
bauxite |
draw |
watch |
warn |
false |
August |
awful |
wasp |
warm |
small |
cause |
awkward |
want |
warning |
hall |
because |
saw |
wash |
ward |
bald |
fault |
raw |
wand |
reward |
salt |
auto |
flaw |
watt |
war |
already |
Paul |
lawn |
X x |
[gz] |
перед наголошеним голосним |
exam, exist |
[ks] |
в інших випадках |
box, next |
Exercise 2 Read the following words.
Example, except, expect, exact, exhibit, excellent, text, six, fix, tax, excuse, affix, axes, axe, fix, exam, index, Duplex, complex, fix, wax, exaggerate.
Grammar
Subjunctive Mood
(Умовний спосіб)
Subjunctive Mood показує, що дія вважається не як реальний факт, а як бажана, припущена, умовна, або не відповідає реальності. Існує чотири основні форми утворення Subjunctive Mood:
1. would + infinitive
I would tell you if I knew. – Я би тобі розказав, якби знав.
2. should + infinitive
It’s necessary that he should go there. – Необхідно, щоб він туди пішов.
3. Past Indefinite або Past Perfect.
He looks as if he won a million. – Він виглядає, нібито виграв мільйон.
She wishes she had gone to university. – На жаль, вона не пішла до університету.
4. Infinitive без частки to
They recommended that he continue the experiment. – Вони рекомендували йому продовжити експеримент.
It is necessary that the engine be light and efficient. – Необхідно, щоб двигун був легкий та ефективний.
Вживання Subjunctive Mood
В умовних реченнях |
If he were not busy now, he would do it. – Якщо він не був би таким зайнятим, він зробив би це. |
У зворотах: it is necessary (essential, important etc.) that smb (should) do smth |
It is necessary that he be there tomorrow. – Необхідно, щоб він був там завтра. |
В додаткових реченнях після дієслів suggest – пропонувати, demand – вимагати, order – наказувати, insist – наполягати та ін. |
They suggested that we (should) meet in the park. – Вони запропонували, що ми зустрінемося у парку. I insist that the boy (should) stay at home. – Я наполягаю на тому, щоб хлопчик залишився вдома. |
Після порівняльних сполуч-ників as if, as though – нібито |
She loved him as if he were her own son. – Вона кохала його, нібито він був її сином. |
Після сполучників so that – для того щоб, lest – щоб не. |
I want to put down your address lest I should forget it. – Я хочу записати вашу адресу, щоб не забути. |
Після дієслова wish – бажати, та сполучення if only – якби (тільки) |
I wish I spoke French. – Як би мені хотілось говорити французькою. I wish you hadn’t said that. – На жаль, ти це сказав. If only I knew more people! – Якби ж я знав більше людей! |
Для висловлення припущення або побажання (would, should, might) |
It would be very nice of you. – Це було б дуже мило з Вашого боку. Atomic energy might be used for this purpose. – Атомна енергія могла б використатися для цих цілей. |
У лозунгах та закликах |
Long live peace in the whole world! – Хай буде мир у всьому світі! Be it so! – Хай так буде! |
Exercise 3 Translate the sentences.
1. I wish I were an astronaut. 2. Send him a telegram so that he should be able to arrive in time. 3. He demanded that the money should be paid at once. 4. He insisted that I should accompany her. 5. It is necessary that you should go there at once. 6. I wish I was better looking. 7. If only I knew more people! 8. Now she wishes she had gone to university. 9. I’ve bought a chicken in case your mother stays for lunch. 10. Our advice is that the company invest in new equipment. 11. It is important that Helen be present when we sign the papers. 12. It was essential that James should write to his uncle as soon as possible.
Exercise 4 Express the same using the Subjunctive Mood. Do this in two ways, one with the Infinitive and one with should.
Model: ‘Why don’t you study math at evening class?’ she said to him.
She suggested that he study math at evening class.
She suggested that he should study math at evening class.
1. ‘Let’s finish the meeting on time,’ he said to them. He proposed ... 2. ‘If I were you, I’d have the beef,’ said the waiter. The waiter recommended ... 3. ‘The minutes of the meeting must be read,’ said the Chairperson. The Chairperson insisted ... 4. The contract must be signed by all parties. It is important ... 5. The candidates must have a thorough medical examination. It is essential ... 6. ‘I would like a full inquiry to take place,’ said the Prime Minister. The PM requested ...