- •О.В. Терехина
- •Предисловие
- •History of printing
- •Intaglio
- •Inkjet printing The principle of inkjet printing was discovered by Canon engineer Ichiro Endo in August 1977.
- •Essential vocabulary
- •Activities
- •1. Find words and word combinations of the essential vocabulary in the text and translate the sentences they are used in into Russian.
- •2. Answer the following questions:
- •4. Use the resulting expressions in the sentences of your own.
- •5. Fill in the gaps using the words of the essential vocabulary:
- •6. Agree or disagree with the statements:
- •7. Match the term with the definition:
- •8. Translate from Russian into English:
- •9. Complete the following sentences:
- •10. Grammar reference. Adverbs.
- •11. Write down 10 sentences of your own according to the topic using the adverbs.
- •Essential vocabulary
- •Activities
- •1. Find words and word combinations of the essential vocabulary in the text and translate the sentences they are used in into Russian.
- •2. Answer the following questions:
- •3. Match the two halves of the phrases below:
- •4. Use the resulting expressions in the sentences of your own.
- •5. Fill in the gaps using the words from the box:
- •6. Find the statement true or false:
- •7. Complete the following sentences:
- •8. Translate into English:
- •9. Correct the jumbled sentences:
- •10. Study the following phrasal verbs with make. Match them with the definitions below. One of the verbs goes with two of the definitions.
- •11. What other phrasal verbs with make do you know? Write some sentences of your own using phrasal verbs with make.
- •Digital prepress
- •Input and Output Resolution
- •Essential vocabulary
- •Activities
- •Basic principles of offset printing
- •Inking Units
- •Essential vocabulary
- •Activities
- •5. Fill in the gaps with an appropriate word or phrase from the box:
- •7. Find the sentences with the following prepositions in the text. Give some examples of your own using the prepositions under study:
- •8. Translate the following expressions from Russian into English. Use these expressions in the sentences of your own:
- •9. Transfer the sentences from passive voice into active:
- •10. Translate the sentences into English:
- •11. Complete the Quiz:
- •Offset printing technologies
- •Essential vocabulary
- •Activities
- •1. Find words and word combinations of the essential vocabulary in the text and translate the sentences they are used in into Russian.
- •2. Answer the following questions:
- •3. Match the definition with the term:
- •4. Fill in the gaps with the words of the essential vocabulary:
- •5. Translate the sentences into English:
- •6. Match the two halves of the phrases:
- •7. Correct the jumbled sentences:
- •8. Agree or disagree with the following statements:
- •10. Study some examples of the phrasal verbs. Translate them into Russian.
- •11. Write down 10 sentences of your own with phrasal verbs. Mind their meanings.
- •Gravure printing
- •Essential vocabulary
- •Activities
- •1. Find words and word combinations of the essential vocabulary in the text and translate the sentences they are used in into Russian.
- •2. Answer the following questions:
- •3. Match the two halves of the phrases and translate them:
- •4. Fill in the gaps using the words from the box:
- •5. Match the term with the definition:
- •6. Agree or disagree with the statements:
- •7. Complete the sentences:
- •8. Translate from Russian into English:
- •9. Find in the text the sentences with relative clauses.
- •10. Look at the following sentences and decide whether they have got defining (d) or non-defining (n) relative clauses:
- •11. Write down 10 sentences of your own with the relative clauses.
- •Letterpress
- •Essential vocabulary
- •Activities
- •1. Find words and word combinations of the essential vocabulary in the text and translate the sentences they are used in into Russian.
- •2. Answer the following questions:
- •3. Agree or disagree with the following:
- •4. Match the two halves of the phrases:
- •5. Translate the result expressions and use them in the sentences of your own.
- •6. Fill in the gaps with the expressions of the essential vocabulary:
- •7. Translate from Russian into English:
- •8. Combine the definition with the term:
- •9. Complete the sentences with the correct forms of the verbs:
- •11. Write down 10 sentences of your own using words with prefixes.
- •Flexography
- •Essential vocabulary
- •Activities
- •1. Find words and word combinations of the essential vocabulary in the text and translate the sentences they are used in into Russian.
- •2. Answer the following questions:
- •3. Decide if the following statements are true (t) or false (f):
- •4. Match the two halves of the phrases:
- •5. Fill in the gaps using the words of the essential vocabulary:
- •6. Translate from Russian into English:
- •7. Combine the verbs with the prepositions as they were used in the text (mind active or passive voice). Translate the expressions. Give your own examples with phrasal verbs.
- •8. Match the abbreviation with its meaning:
- •9. Correct the jumbled sentences:
- •10. Match the term with the definition:
- •11. Complete the following sentences:
- •Screen printing
- •Essential vocabulary
- •Activities
- •1. Find words and word combinations of the essential vocabulary in the text and translate the sentences they are used in into Russian.
- •2. Answer the following questions:
- •3. Match the two halves of the phrases:
- •4. Use the result expressions in the sentences of your own.
- •5. Mark the statements as True or False:
- •6. Fill in the gaps:
- •7. Combine the term with the definition:
- •8. Translate from Russian into English in a written form:
- •9. Word building.
- •10. Write down 10 sentences of your own using the words from the table.
- •11. Correct the jumbled sentences:
- •Basic principles of non-impact printing technologies
- •Essential vocabulary
- •4. Find the statement true or false:
- •5. Complete the following sentences:
- •6. Translate from Russian into English:
- •7. Language note. Compounds.
- •8. Write down 10 sentences of your own with compound words.
- •9. Correct the jumbled sentences:
- •Non-impact printing technologies
- •Ionography
- •Ink Jet
- •Essential vocabulary
- •Activities
- •1. Find words and word combinations of the essential vocabulary in the text and translate the sentences they are used in into Russian.
- •2. Answer the following questions:
- •3. Match the term with the definition:
- •4. Find the statement true or false:
- •5. Match the two halves of the phrases and use them in the sentences of your own:
- •6. Complete the following sentences:
- •7. Translate from Russian into English:
- •8. Correct the jumbled sentences:
- •9. Language note. Modals.
- •10. Write down 10 sentences of your own using modal verbs.
- •Print finishing processes
- •1. Cutting and die-cutting
- •2. Folding
- •3. Forwarding
- •4. Assembling into books
- •5. Blocks binding
- •6. Trimming
- •7. Edge treatments on books and brochures
- •8. Case making
- •9. Book finishing
- •10. Packaging
- •Essential vocabulary
- •Activities
- •1. Find words and word combinations of the essential vocabulary in the text and translate the sentences they are used in into Russian.
- •2. Answer the following questions:
- •3. Match the two halves of the phrases:
- •4. Agree or disagree with the statements:
- •5. Match the definition with the term:
- •6. Complete the following sentences:
- •7. Translate from Russian into English in a written form:
- •8. Correct the jumbled sentences:
- •9. Language Note: Gradable Adjectives. Study the rules and find the examples of your own.
- •10. Guess the Quiz
- •11. Write down 10 sentences of your own using the words from the quiz.
- •Binding
- •Essential vocabulary
- •6. Translate in a written form:
- •7. Language note. Non-gradable adjectives.
- •8. Write down 10 sentences of your own with non-gradable adjectives. Follow the topic. Appendix
- •Texts for additional reading
- •Contents
7. Language note. Compounds.
Compound words can be formed in different ways. It is the combination of two words referring to one person, thing or action. There are many examples of such words in English and many new terms that enter the language are generated in this way. It is important to point out that such compounds are usually spelt as two separate words (computer program), but can also be one word (photoconductor) or hyphenated (drop-on-demand). Complete the list of compounds from the text:
short-run job, sheet-fed printing, web-fed …….
8. Write down 10 sentences of your own with compound words.
9. Correct the jumbled sentences:
In, technologies, NIP, there, no, is, plate, printing, permanent, carrying, information.
In, the, process, ink jet, the, is, ink, transferred, directly, substrate, to, the, by, a, jet, means, of, system.
Ink jet, work, technologies, with, inks, liquid, low, of, as, viscosity, well, as, called, so, inks, hot-melt.
TEXT 2
Non-impact printing technologies
There is a number of non-impact printing technologies. They must be discussed in detail.
Electrophotography
Electrophotography is the most widespread non-impact printing technology. It is based on an invention by Chester Carlson. Electrophotographic printing process can be broken down into five steps:
1. Imaging
Imaging is carried out by charging a suitable photoconductive surface (creating a homogeneous charged surface) with subsequent imaging via a controlled light source (this may be scanning laser light or light emitted by an LED array [light-emitting diodes]). The print image corresponds to the positioning of the light signals on the photoconductor drum. The homogeneous charged image on the surface is discharged in parts as a result of exposure and changed in accordance with the desired print image. (Since imaging in electrophotography can be done both by laser light and by light given off by light-emitting diodes, the frequently-used term “laser printer” instead of the term “electrophotographic printer” is misleading.)
2. Inking
Special inks are used for electrophotography. These may be powder or liquid toners, which may vary in structure according to their composition, and contain the colorant in the form of pigments. The ink is the fundamental and decisive element for the impression. Inking is done via systems which transfer the fine toner particles without contact to the photoconductor drum. The toner charge is configured in such a way that the charged areas of the photoconductor surface accept the toner. After inking, the latent image on the photoconductor drum becomes visible where the toner is applied.
3. Toner transfer (printing)
The toner may be transferred directly onto the paper, although in some cases it may also be transferred via intermediate systems, in the form of a drum or a belt. Transfer mostly takes place directly from the photoconductor drum to the substrate. To transfer the charged toner particles from the drum surface to the paper, electrostatic forces are generated via a charge source (corona) in the nip and it is these forces, supported by the contact pressure between the drum surface and the paper, that transfer the particles to the paper.
4. Fixing the toner
A fixing unit is required to anchor the particles of toner on the paper and create a stable print image. This is usually designed so that melting and consequent anchoring of the toner on the paper takes place by heat application and contact pressure.
5. Cleaning
Residual charges and individual particles of toner remain on the drum after the print image has been transferred from the photoconductor drum to the paper. To prepare the drum so that the next image can be printed, both mechanical cleaning and electrical cleaning of the surface are necessary. The mechanical cleaning, which removes particles of toner, can be done by means of brushes and/or suction, while the electrical cleaning (neutralizing) is accomplished by homogeneous illumination of the surface, after which the surface is electrically neutralized and is free from toner particles. The photoconductor drum is now charged again with a homogeneous, charged image via the corona, with subsequent imaging in accordance with the desired print image.
With electrophotography and non-impact printing technologies in general, greater fluctuations can occur within the run than in the case with technologies requiring a printing plate.
Рис.6