Number systems

Number names were among the first words used when people began to talk, but it has taken thousands of years for people to learn how to use numbers or the written figures which we call "numerals".

In early days people often counted on a scale of three or four instead of ten and sometimes other number scales were used. Later they found it more convenient to count by tens, using the fingers of both hands. We still use this "scale" in counting; that is, we count to ten; then to ten tens; then to ten times ten tens; and so on.

When people first began to use numbers they knew only one way to work with them; that was to count. Later they found out how to add, subtract, and multiply. They invented special devices to make computations easier, especially in dealing with large numbers.

Division was not often needed in ancient times in comparison with multiplication, and it is far more rarely employed than addition and subtraction at the present time.

Besides the decimal number system which we commonly use there are other systems of numeration such as the binary, octal, etc. In the number systems we use digits. The Latin word digital means "fingers".

In ancient times it was very difficult to use fractions because they did not know any easy way of writing them. Decimal fractions were introduced in the 16th century and are now much more commonly used than common fractions.

Вариант № 2

1. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием -sи какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:

1. показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в PresentIndefinite;

2. признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

3. показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного (см. образец выполнения 1).

Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The cost of education depends on the college and speciality.

2. The tutor plans the student’s work.

3. Cambridge is one of the two main universities of England.

2. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.

1. The new transistor is more powerful than the old one.

2. The more we study nature the more we know about it.

3. This program is the most difficult.

3.Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод неопределённых и отрицательных местоимений.

1. He didn’t try to do anything.

2. They made no changes in the working plan.

3. Some children don’t like reading.

4. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видо-временные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения на русский язык .

1. The latest laser devices have found application in medicine.

2. Today’s young people will be the specialists of tomorrow in the society with new technology.

3. Students asked the lecturer many questions.

5. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it,that,one.

1. Some experts consider that it is practically impossible to protect big cities from pollution.

2. It is necessary to find new sources of cheap energy.

3. One must know that the study of environmental problems with the help of satellites is becoming international.

6. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол и его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. One object may be larger than another one, but it may weigh less.

2. Our group will be allowed to use the new labolatory equipment next term.

3. The exam was to start in the morning.

7. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Сделайте письменный перевод 3,4,5 абзацев.

Cambridge

Cambridge is one of the two main universities of England located at еру Cam River. It was founded at the beginning of the 12-th century. The University consists of 24 different colleges including 4 colleges for women. Each college is self-governing.

The head of the University is the chancelor who is elected for life. The teachers are commonly called "dons" and "tutors". Part of the teaching by means of lectures is organized by the University. Besides lectures teaching is carried out by tutorial system for which the Cambridge University famous all over the world. This is a system of individual tuition organized by the colleges.

Each student has a tutor who practically guides him through the whole course of studies. The tutor plans the student's work and once a week the student goes to his tutor to discuss his work with him. The training course lasts 4 years. The academic year is divided into 3 terms. The students study natural and technical sciences, law, history, languages, geography and many other subjects.

After three years of study a student may proceed to a Bachelor's degree, and later to the degrees of Master and Doctor. Students are required to wear gowns at lectures, in the University library, in the street in the evening, for dinners in the colleges and for official visits. All the students must pay for their education, examinations, books, laboratories, university hostel, the use of libraries etc. Very few students get grants. Not many children from the working class families are able to get higher education, as the cost is high. The cost of education depends on the college and speciality.

A number of great men, well-known scientists and writers studied at Cambridge. Among them are: Erasmus, the great Dutch scholar, Bacon, the philosopher, Milton and Byron, the poets, Cromwell, the soldier, Newton and Darwin, the scientists.

8.Прочитайте и переведите текст.