Урок 1.8

Фонетическое задание

Прочитайте транскрипцию в списке А, соотнесите её с соответствующим словом из списка В и переведите слово на русский язык. Учтите, что не все слова списка В даны в списке А.

А

[a'proksimit]; [di'stroi]; ['kwikli]; [gem]; [in'/иэ]; [ri'kwaio]; [sa'fijont]; [.horTzontl]; ['va-tikal]; [si'ment]; ['sa:fis]; ['fa:da]; [1э:ш]; [ лбэ]

gain team

IUJ-U

feather vU-y* ensure order yif>&Ui*j>^ approximate surface sufficient destroy,'/ - .vertical ' unsure term улгпг.^.;^ suffice —

cement quickly Ske '.po

require '\il horizontal г&г ■I other further

Текст A

(20цГ1 - ncuqwnt >¹ CONCRETE

0 ' . PART II

Cc

after it is placed in its fipal position, should be at a temperature l?ss than 5°C or 4Q°F. / j~_/u * Even then insulation of the concrete will be necessary and the'euring period, which is required tp gain strength, will be long.Jn hot weather the problem during placemenjj^/ _/ to prevent a premature set and, after placement, in order to ensure a proper cure. The concrete must not dry out too fastlje^ause this may cause cracking.

One ^the principal djs • cfvtfijuges of the use of cast-in-place concrete is the time that is required before the tc nwork. This penod of time is necessary qip-

as to allow '.he concrete to gain suffieient strength before it has to support itself; therefore the penod before the removal of formwork must be longer for horizontal elements, such as beams and slabs, than for vertical elerpentSj such as columns. Bccause of the cost of the formwork ant^in orcjer taallow ^Tapio re-use as possible, cements which gain J? strength quickly are preferred by contractor^However^ thesp cements produce such heat after they set that they may cause thermal cracking. Irt addition, the high temperature at which cunng takes place leads to losses in the long term properties of the concrete. Slag cemcnts and other Igwjieal cements are better from this point of view^The formwork ^ to beams and slabs is usually removed after a reasonable period of time but the props remain for a further period. j^ettM'^ ,

Topical minimum periods before removal of formwork for concrete with a surface temperature of 16°C (60°F) are from 9 hours to 15 days, jfl

destroy a concrete which

cr.be<:ause freezing water will limit is that no wet concrete,

L

5

5

Notes:

freezing water замерзающая вода premature adj. преждевременный prop п. стойка slagn. шлак

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

"1. Why can't concrete be placed during very cold weather? —

\/ 2. What is the minimum temperature allowable for wet concrete?

/3. What is the problem during placement of concrete in hot whether? о

V/4. Why must concrete not dry out too fast? 1}

5. What are the principal disadvantages of using.cast-in-place concrete?

у 6. Why can't formwork be quickly removed? v (

7. How does it influence the choice of cements?

• 8. What are the disadvantages of the cements which gain strength quickly? £

• 9. What cements are better from this point of view? О

VlO.What are typical minimum periods before removal of formwork?/^

i'

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. а) Переведите на русский язык приведенные ниже существительные:

существительные:

пятыаи

contractor, disadvantage, placement, slab, point i

disadvantage, placement, slab, point of view, _n

г ^{наречия:}

ttT A ^c

partly, proper, principal, as ... as

dry, destroy, prefer, ensure, set.

б) Какие из перечисленных глаголов являются неправильными? Укажите их формы. Укажите также правильные глаголы, имеющие особенности в написании при добавлении окончания ~ed.

в) Какие из перечисленных слов могут быть другими частями речи? Какими именно? Как они в этом случае переводятся на русский язык?

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие слова на английский язык:

колонна; использование; положение; опалубка; цемент; прочность; стоимость; выдержка бетона (2); трещинообразование; балка; тепло; час; изоляция; потеря

;

укладка (бетона, арматуры); удаление; поверхность; подвижная бетонная смесь;

позволять; выдерживать; причинять, вызывать; производить; удалять; обеспечивать; накапливать; класть; предотвращать; приводить к; нуждаться в; оставаться; происходить;

холодный; окончательный; вертикальный; типичный, обычный; быстрый (2); необходимый; тепловой; горизонтальный; приемлемый; жаркий; достаточный; дальнейший, более долгий; возможный; долговременный; ₀(.

слишком; от... до...; однако; такой как; или; чем; из-за; такой; в течение; чем; даже; до; для того, чтобы, (2); другой; поэтом; затем.

№ w tiV'V* ^ ^ * ^

Упражнение 3. Какие термины, связанные с бетоном, его составом и разно­видностями, а также со способами его изготовления, встречаются в текстах Уро­ков 4-8(а)? Перечислите их и дайте перевод на русский язык.

величина

находиться рядом

расширение

обычный

срез

приводить к п ростран стве н н ы й настоящий дорогой предел

Упражнение 4. Какие из указанных переводов слов являются ошибочными.'

Укажите правильный перевод.

deflection прогиб Лр г lvalue

joint присоединяй^ ¹ withstand

creep ползучесть extension

- among среди common

double у^^Ь^Я&оМюй -(-shear

strainс^ус Л нагрузка -(-results in

elastic modulus модуль упругости dimensional

. tie стяжка prevent

variation изменение ** reach

moisture влага £ limit

Упражнение 5. Дайте синонимы следующих слов:

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение/Т) Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на конструк­цию as ... as ... . ^1У • fa Я}

1. The re-use of formwork should be as rapid as possible.

2. These measures can be not as successfulas we considered. ~ ,,

3. Cast-in-place concrete is as strong as precast concrete, о

After the initial set temperature and humidity conditions of the concrete are controlled as carefully as reasonable

.

%

4. Resistance to rain and moisture is as an important property of building materials as their strength.

5. Scientific knowledge is as significant in construction as experience.

Упражнение 2. Найдите в тексте прилагательные, образованные с помощью суффиксов -al, -able. Перечислите другие прилагательные с этими суффиксами, а также с суффиксом -ive, которые использованы в этом учебнике.

Упражненне^Переведите следующие предложения, определите функцию

(Г) Curing is often, considered to be over after the concrete has, gained a reasonable strength.

2. Concrete jipteCTjjjytrength. 3) Concrete has tone reinforced with steel.

4. Concrete ha^mjujy characteristics that make it a constructional material.

^r5) The^ynay replace up to about 70% of the Portland cement which would have been

6. The builders had to use cast-in-place concrete because of the conditions of the site.

Упражнение k

ыделите главное и придаточное предложение в сложно­подчинённых предложениях. Переведите их. ,.

_п у Г V Ub'j fc r-O* ^ ^

1. Concrete cgnnnt he.jJaced- during very cold weather because freezing water will destroy a concrete.

2. /The curing perim. ^Cliich is required to gain strengtH will h* Inng^ / r

i>. Builders must kno4that the formwork is usually removed after a reasonable period of time.

4. Because of the cost of the formwork cements, which gain strength quickly, are preferred by contractors. uLQfH&t****"**" ^JOHMcU

5. If it is not in the form of prestressed concrete, concrete has a low strength.

6. The tensile stresses concrete is subjected to^require that it must be reinforced with етееТГ

Упражнение 5. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на условные придаточные предложения.

1. If cracks appear under small overload, they usually will close when the load is removed.

2. If the pressure is enough, none of the beams will fall out.

3. If this concept were applied to a concrete beam in practice, steel tendons would be tensioned and placed along the centroidal axis of the beam.

4. If the tendons were given a small tension, they could lose nearly all the prestress in a few months.

5. If a beam supports a load above, the beam itself must have sufficient strength to counterbalance that weight.

6. If they change some details, they will be able to improve the design.

7. You would get good results if you applied this method of calculation.

Упражнение 6. Вспомните или найдите в словаре глаголы, от которых образованы следующие существительные. Переведите их.

application

calculation

composition

consideration

corrosion

division

fabrication

limitation

occupation

opposition

relation

repetition

PRECAST CONCRETE

selection separation transmission measurement movement requirement

A concrete structure may be constructed by casting the concrete in place on the site, by building it of elements cast in some other place or by a combination of the two. Concrete cast in other than its final place is called precast.

In contrast to cast-in-place concrete construction in which columns, beams, girders and slabs are cast and connected together by successive pours, precast concrete requires connections to tie the structure together. These connections can be a major construction problem.

Form costs are much less with precast concrete bc-cause the forms do not have to be supported. They may be set on the ground in a convenient position. In addition, a thin wall is difficult to concrete if it must be cast vertically be-cause the concrete has to be placed in the narrow opening at the top of the form. Such a wall is easily precast on the ground.

Precast units can be standardized. Repeated use of forms and mass production techniques make the cost of construction lower. Furthermore, high quality can be maintained because of the control that can be kept on production under factory conditions. However, there is always the possibility that transportation, handling, and building up costs for the precast units will be high.

Notes:

contrast (in - to) в противоположность (чему-либо) handling п. обработка, обращение (с чем-либо) possibility п. возможность, вероятность

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1. How may a concrete structure be constructed?

2. What do we call "precast concrete"?

What are the advantages of precast concrctc

3. ?Why does the use of precast concrete reduce costs?

4. How can the use of precast concrete increase costs?

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Найдите в тексте прилагательные, образованные с помощью суффиксов -а/, -ive. Переведите их на русский язык.

Упражнение 2. Найдите в тексте существительные, образованные с помощью суффикса - ion. От каких глаголов они образованы? Переведите их на русский язык.

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. а) Переведите на русский язык приведенные ниже существительные:

quality, control, transportation, mass production technique, connection, ground, girder, top, place,

прилагательные и наречия:

successive, furthermore, thin, convenient, other than,

глаголы:

standardise, cast, maintain, tie, keep.

b) Если Вы не знаете слово, найдите его в словаре. Выпишите из словаря то значение слова, в котором оно использовано в тексте.

Упражнение 2. Найдите перевод слов списка А в списке В.

В

строительная площадка select

Ал 14

а**ЙГ 30

зависеть site .

А

элемент

опалубка

однако

следующий

ржаветь

В

wall

thick

other

major

however

next

depend

каменная кладка устранят

ь

Упражнение 3. Напишите предложения с каждым из перечисленных ниже

слов:

control (п.) - control (v.) set (п.) - set (v.) tie (п.)-tie (v.) 6

0Текст С

PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

Prestressed concrete is concrete with stresses applied to it before use so as to counteract stresses that will be produced by loads. Prestress is most effective with concrete, which is weak in tension, when the stresses which are applied are compressive. In order to produce compressive prestress a concrete member can be placed between two abut-ments, with jacks between its ends and the abutments, and pressure is applied with the jacks. The most common way is to stretch steel bars or wires, that are called tendons, and to anchor them to the concrete; when they try to gain their initial leiigth, the concrete resists and is prestressed. The tendons may be stretched with jacks or by electrical heating.

Prestressed concrete is particularly useful for beams. It permits the use of steel at stresses several times larger than those permitted for reinforcing bars. Furthermore, it permits economical use of high-strength concrete, for when an engineer designs a member with reinforced concrete, he considers that all concrete below the neutral axis is in tension and cracked, and therefore ineffective, whereas the full cross section of a prestresred concrete beam is effective in bending.

A particularly desirable characteristic of prestressed concrete is that as long as the material is maintained in compression it cannot crack. If cracks appear under overload, they usually will close when the load is removed. Sometimes concrete is prestTessed mostly in order to prevent cracking.

Basic principles. When you take a pile of books and apply pressure to the end pair not one of the books will fall out if the pressure is enough. The effect of compressive prestresses is much the same.

But if this concept were applied to a concrete beam in practice, steel tendons would be tensioned and placed along the centroidal axis of the beam. The prestress that would be achieved would result in a uniform compression at every section. Loads would produce both tensile and compressive stresses at the middle of the span. The prestress would combine with these. As the result the compression would be increased and the tension avoided. The whole concrete section would be resisting bending effectively, and there would be no cracks.

In practice, however, tendons are rarely placcd along the centroidal axis. A smaller prestressing force is required, and therefore less steel for the tendons, if the steel is placcd below the centroidal axis of the beam. With the eccentric prestress, stresses at each section of the unloaded beam may vary from tension at the top to compression at the bottom. When loads are applied to the beam, they produce both tensile and compressive stresses at the middle of the span. At the top of the beam they cause compressive stresses, which are reduced by the tensile prestress there. In other sections the tensile stresses produced by the loads are counteracted by the compressive prestress.

Notes:

centroidal axis центральная ось concept п. концепция, понятие

eccentric prestress внецентренное предварительное напряжение

overload п. перегрузка

pile п. зд. стопка

tendon п. арматурный пучок ,

unloaded adj. ненагруженный

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1. What is prestressed concrete?

2. How is concrete prestressed?

3. What is tendon?

4. Why is prestressed concrete particularly useful for beams?

5. How does the use of prestressed concrete influence cracking?

6. What would be the result if steel tendons were tensioned and placed along the centroidal axis of the beam?

7. Why are tendons rarely placed along the centroidal axis?

8. What is the influence of loads on a beam with the eccentric prestress?

Лексическое упражнение

В списке А даны некоторые слова и выражения, которые использованы в тексте для домашнего чтения. Найди их правильный перевод в списке В.

А

В

В

А

reinforcing bar

apply

top

pair

both ... and ...

bending

jack

anchor

achieve'

avoid

uniform

permit

counteract

pressure

the same

whereas проволока

добиться

пара

избегать

равномерный

противодействовать

желательный

редко

давление

тот же самый

длина

концевая опора участок

преднапряжение

закреплять

верх

section wire

abutment

as long as

place

length

heating

bottom

economical

desirable

prestress

stretch

rarely

end

tension middle

изгиб

применять, прилагать

домкрат

пока

устанавливать нагрев

экономичный

позволять

натягивать

арматурный стержень

конец

тогда как

середина

как ... так и ...

низ

напрягат

ьФонетическое задание

Прочитайте транскрипцию в списке А, соотнесите её с соответствующим словом из списка В и переведите слово на русский язык. Учтите, что не все слова списка В даны в списке А.

[,aeta'mmi3m]; [ik'stent]; [ka:v]; [streit]; [jnsta'biliti]; [Tndastri]; [0s:d]; ['kwontiti]; [kom'bain]; ['djenoral]; [,kaerikta'ristik]; [di'zain]; ['aion];

[britl]

design iron

aluminium generous

straight combine thread general

Текст A

В ^

brittle instability extend extent quantify curve U/M¹?¹ industry

к /

e /

carve

ГТ street third

characteristic quantit

y

METAL

- c^cttvr амйш&а _{t м},_|(, ,

_[Corstnation materials are used in large qunntopM and it is that the materials which are used are cheap; Although buik .oats of metal are higher than those of most other building matenals, the costs of iron And steel, and aluminium to a much lesser extent, :rc still reasonable when they are compared to those of other metals and these metals have found wide application in building.

Structural carbon steel is the most important class of steel for the construction industry. These steels are cheap and convenient to use; the class includes steels which have not more than 0.25 % carbon. There are several grades of structural carbon steel available. Those grades which have higher carbon contents are stronger. However steels which have higher carbon contents are, in general, more brittle at low temperatures and more difficult to weld.

The important general characteristics of structural carbon steels and steel structures are as follows:

• Steel has a high ratio of strength to weight that is combined with a low ratio of cost to strength, which accounts for the wide use of steel as roof beams.

1 2-

3

У

Steel for construction purposes is produced in the form of straight or curved rolled sections of vanous cross-sectional shapes, or flat plate

.

5'счес ui**

Although the use of high strength steel will often produce a lighter structure for the same design strength than one in a weaker material, the structure may suffer from excessive deflection or

Steel loses strength and stiffness at high temperatures. At 480°C (900°F) steel keeps about two-thirds of its original stiffness and strength. However the loss of stiffness is rapid above this temperature.

^rJ (1€>ЪГи ;

bulk costs общие издержки carbon steel углеродистая сталь class п. класс, разряд, категория

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1. Why is it important that the materials are cheap? 1

2. Which metals have found wide application in building? ^

3. What kind of steel is the best for construction? Ъ

4. What are the advantages of these steels? 4

5. Which steels does this class include?

6. How does the strength of steel depend on its carbon contents?

7. What are the disadvantages of steels with higher carbon contents?

8. Why is steel widely used for roof beams?

9. What can the use of high strength steel result in?

10. How does the strength and stiffness of steel depend on temperature?

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. а) Переведите на русский язык приведенные ниже у

contends, industry, stiffness, aluminium, rolled section, instability, extent, grade, plate,

прилагательные и наречия: Ч^Г

brittle, straight, cheap, flat,

,44V

find.

глаголы: ^ ^ ₍

:urve, account (for), weld, suffer,

б) Какие из перечисленных глаголов являются неправильными? Укажите их формы.

^гЛ/1

Notes:

в) Какие из перечисленных слов могут быть другими частями речи? Какими именно? Как они в этом случае переводятся на русский язык

?

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие слова на английский язык:

балка покрытия; особенность; стоимость; применение; прогиб; железо; цель; соотношение; количество; строительные материалы; поперечный профиль; жёсткость; углеродистая сталь; прочность; использование; вес; проектная прочность;

производить; терять; сохранять; сочетать(ся); сравнивать; использовать;

чрезмерный; первоначальный; быстрый; имеющийся; удобный; приемлемый; лёгкий; различный; общий; несколько; дешёвый; важный;

следующий, как следует ниже; как, в качестве; те; в целом, обычно; выше; поэтому; эти; хотя; приблизительно, около; тот же, такой же; другой; всё же.

Упражнение 4. Какие из указанных переводов слов являются ошибочными. Укажите правильный перевод.
anchor	гвоздь	reinforcing bar
jack	домкрат	gravel
kind	сорт	constant
bending	изгибание	abutment
heating	нагрев	pressure
every	несколько	then
section	участок	middle
tension	растягивать	prestress
knowledge	знание	enough
whole	весь	wire

Упражнение 3. Найдите в тексте термины, характеризующие металлы: их типы, свойства и особенности. Перечислите их и дайте перевод на русский язык.

арматурный стержень гравий постоянный концевая опора давление чем

середина преднапряжение достаточно проволока

Упражнение 5. Дайте производные от перечисленных ниже слов, которые встречается в уроках 1-9. Укажите часть речи, которой является данное слово и его производные. Переведите их на русский язык. Знаете ли Вы другие производные этих слов, которые ещё не встречались в этом учебнике?

stable, long, heat, economy, bend, transport, standard, place.

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на согласова­ние времён в английском языке

.

1. The experiments (эксперимент) showed that high quality of a steel joint resulted both from the strength of steel and from its ductility (вязкость).

2. The experiments show that high quality of a steel joint results both from the strength of steel and from its ductility.

3. They promised (обещать) that the precast concrete units would be brought to the site tomorrow.

4. They promise that the precast concrete units will be brought to the site tomorrow.

5Г The lecturer (лектор) said that many great buildings had been constructed on the

- . basis of experience.

6. The lecturer says that many great buildings were constructed on the basis of experience. , "

7. The tests showed creep was about double at 70°C that at 20°C.

8. The tests shows creep is about double at 70°C that at 20°C. _A , _t

9. We were told that at 480°C (900°F) steel kept about two-thirds of its original stiffness and strength.

10. We are told that at 480°C (900°F) steel keeps about two-thirds of its original stiffness and strength.

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие предложения, определите функцию слова "one".

^ч ' !Ч{> А' ■ \

1. A multi-storey building has a number of floors which are erected one above the

other. ^ Y Л

Structural carbon steel is the one most important for the construction industry. One must know the qualities of building materials. | l 1 '

One of the simplest types of construction is the solid concrete slab. The floor beams transmit the loads in one direction only. i

In contrast to cast-in-place concrete construction precast one requires connections to tie the structure together.

7. When you take a pile of books and apply pressure to the end pair not one of the books will fall out if the pressure is enough.

8. These beams are too long, we need shorter ones.

Упражнение 3. Переведите следующие словосочетания. Обратите внимание на прилагательные^-*; суффиксами -ant/-ent.

v-' ^{Л ;}

sufficient strength, different properties, permanent stress, fire resistant, important characteristics, significantly advantage, convenient conditions.

Упражнение 4. Переведите производные согласно схеме прилагательное + -ness = существительное

useful - usefulness serious - seriousness weak - weakness dark (тёмный) - darkness hard (твёрдый) - hardness brittle - brittleness stiff (жёсткий) - stiffness

Упражнение 5. Переведите предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод степеней сравнения прилагательных.

1. Structural carbon steel is the most important class of steel for the construction industry.

2. However steels with higher carbon contents are more bMle at low temperatures and more difficult to weld.

3. Although the use of high strength steel will often produce a lighter structure for the same design strength than one in a weaker material, the structure may suffer from excessive deflection or instability.

4. In such eases it maybe necessary to use a larger amount of material of a lower quality or a different material, such as wood.

5. High strength connections are much easier made between steel components than between timber and precast concrete ones.

6. The most common way is to stretch steel bars or wires, that are called tendons

Текст В

High strength connections are much easier made between steel components than between timber and precast concrete ones. Con-nections in steel can be made by welding or bolting. They are a significant proportion of the total cost of a steel structure. Normal jointing methods allow dimensional errors in production or construction of the steelwork. A cheaper and easier connection may be made if the joint is not required to be a fixed one. The experiments showed that high quality of a steel joint resulted both from the strength of steel and from its ductility.

Most jointing methods are improved by use of a material which has such a combination of strength and 'plasticity' and this accounts for the use of steel for connections in wood and precast concrete and, often, for the initial choice of a steel structure.

Convenient connection methods and a high strength to weight ratio make steelwork suitable tor prefabrication and fast erection on site. However the size of prefabricated components is limited by the means of transport to site and sometimes the capacity of cranes on site.

Steel is dimensionally stable although it is subject to temperature movements. In general a typical single storey building of simple shape with steel columns would require a movement joint at about 50m (160ft) intervals

.

Notes:

ductility п. вязкость, ковкость jointing п. соединение

prefabrication п. изготовление и/или монтаж сборных конструкций temperature movement температурное изменение

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1. How can connections in steel be made?

2. What do normal jointing methods allow?

3. What does high quality of a steel joint result from?

4. What do these qualities of a steel joint account for?

5. What is the use of prefabricated components limited by?

6. What do steel structures require?

7. Why do they require it?

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. а) Переведите на русский язык приведенные ниже суще­ствительные:

erection, means, transport, steelwork, welding, error, interval, movement joint, storey, plasticity,

прилагательные и наречия: simple, fixed,

глаголы:

result from, improve, bolt, prefabricate.

b) Если Вы не знаете слово, найдите его в словаре. Выпишите из словаря то значение слова, в котором оно использовано в тексте.

Упражнение 2. Найдите перевод слов списка А в списке В.

В

А

В

А

лес

удобный значительный

один стык качество быть причиной connection

stable

строительная площадка joint

between

quality convenient require subject to подвергаться

требовать

соединение

между

кран

пространственный single устойчивый accoui

выбор account for choice site crane

dimensional

timber

significan

tУпражнение 3. Напишите предложения с каждым из перечисленных ниже

слов:

plastic (adj.) - plasticity weld - welding loss - loseУрок 1.10

Фонетическое задание

Прочитайте транскрипцию в списке А, соотнесите её с соответствующим словом из списка В и переведите слово на русский язык. Учтите, что не все слова списка В даны в списке А.

А

['laemineitid]; [steicfc]; [ri'laiabal]; [skru:]; ['seljubj; [ju:'ni:k]; [glu:]; [ik'splein]; [,maenju'faektj9]; [weit]; [ modjulas]; [,nev9d9'les]; [ lai]; [grein]

weighed manufacture screw cellular nonetheless

modulus

glue

nevertheless

В

grain

laminated

lie

glee explain models weight

lay stage reliable unique

manufacture

r

Текст A

WOOD

Many of the qualities that make, wood a unique building material result from the structure of wood. It has a ccllular structure which looks like a number of tubes that lie in the direction of the grain. They have approximately square cross-sections and are weakly glued one to the other. This can explain why wood is weak across the grain, and why its compressive strength is only about^S! of its fcnsile strength. Wood is the most popular construction matenal all over the \yorld if we speak about the amount which is used and the number of suitable applications. Commercial woods are divided into softwoods such as pines and firs and hardwoods such as oak and a$h. However the development of some reliable wood glues has brought in a range of manufactured products which are based on wood such as glued laminated timber, plywoods, etc.

The qualities of wood depend on its moisture content.» Moisture content affects the weight, strength, durability and size of wood. For example, dry wood has about twice the strength and stiffness of green wood.

Wood has low strength under long term loads and at high temperatures but it has good resistance to short term loads and high strength at low temperatures.

Wood has good stiffness, which means that it has a relatively high value of clastic modulus. Nevertheless, deflection is often the critical factor in the design of timber beams. Under bng term loads, the further deformations due to creep may cause sagging, if it is not taken into account at the design stage

.

Wood is a very good material to cut and work and, because of its structure, it is able to accept nails. Common methods of fixing are with nails, screws, bolts, metal plates, etc.

Notes:

ash п. ясень cellular adj. ячеистый commercial wood деловая древесина grain п. волокно green wood древесина на корню oak п. дуб pine п. сосна plywood п. фанера sagging п. прогиб

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1. What is the structure of wood?

2. How does the structure of wood influence its strength?

3. Why is wood considered the most popular construction material?

4. What kinds of commercial woods are there?

5. What are the examples of these kinds of commercial woods?

6. What new wood products have been developed?

7. Why is it important for wood to be dry?

8. When does wood have low strength?

9. When does it have good resistance?

10. What does stiffness mean?

11 .What is the critical factor in the design of timber beams?

12. What may cause sagging?

13. Why is wood a very good material to work?

14. What are common methods of wood fixing?

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. а) Переведите на русский язык приведенные ниже существительные:

bolt, screw, stage, softwood, range, development, tube, nail, hardwood, a number of,

прилагательные и наречия: short term, critical, reliable, dry, laminated, popular, unique,

t. ,

служебные слова и обороты: across, nevertheless

,

глаголы:

accept, cut, fix, glue, lie, mean, bring, affect, speak, work.

б) Какие из перечисленных глаголов являются неправильными? Укажите их формы.

в) Какие из перечисленных слов могут быть другими частями речи? Какими именно? Как они в этом случае переводятся на русский язык?

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие слова на английский язык:

применение; поперечное сечение; продукт серийного изготовления; сопротивление; модуль продольной упругости; лесоматериал; количество; гвоздь; содержание влаги; древесина; прочность при сжатии; пластина; долговечность; прочность;

зависеть; делить; объяснять; быть похожим, выглядеть как; быть результатом; принимать во внимание; вызывать;

подходящий; обычный; дальнейший; другой; относительно; низкий; слабый; приблизительно (2); квадратный; часто;

и т. д.; который; такой как; если; только; почему; из-за.

Упражнение 3. Найдите в тексте термины, связанные с древесиной: её типами, особенностями и свойствами. Перечислите их и дайте перевод на русский язык.

Упражнение 4. Какие из указанных переводов слов являются ошибочными. Укажите правильный перевод.

creep	деформация	whereas	где как
angle	ползучести угол	as long as	пока
strong	прочный	avoid	приводить к
axis	ось	uniform	однородный
right	вправо	ground	грунт
live load	постоянная нагрузка	girder	главная балка
solution	решение	cast	помещать
thrust	нажим	convenient	подходящий
exert	эксперт	furthermore	кроме того
component	составляющая	maintain	сохранять

Упражнение 5. Дайте антонимы следующих слов:

cheap quick result from

find bottom cut

disadvantage close v. dry

partly rarely hardwood

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на подчеркнутые местоимения.

1. Structural members of any length and cross section and with any required curve can be made.

2. No cracks appeared under overload.

3. Anything less strong would not be good for that purpose.

4. Each piece has some characteristic that seriously reduces strength.

5. They used no laminated timber in this structure.

6. Nothing could be done to avoid cracking.

7. Because concretc is at the beginning in a plastic state, it can be used in construction

of any size or shape. WiiA* ЦиЦш.^И'

8. The builders bound the layers together with mortar or some other binder. I

9. In hot weather something should be done to prevent a premature set of concrete.

10. No wet concrete, after it is placcd in its final position, should be at a temperature less than 5°C or 40°F.

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие предложения, определите функцию слова "one".

1. They have square cross-sections and are glued one to the other.

2. The pieces are glued one over the other. /

3. No one lamination (слоистая конструкция) is as long as the member. ii_{ , _M

4. СоппесПог^.ууете made between steel components and between timbeV and precast concrete ones^ta ^ A® , fiM&G^ '

5. One should be careful when working with glued laminated timber.

6. Loads will produce tensile stresses and compressive ones.

^шиич ч еллеадг

Упражнение 3. Прочтите и переведите следующие сокращения:

50m (160ft); >/₃ of its tensile strength; 31.01.1845; 24ft (7,2m); 12in x 12in; 60-80 %; 20°C; 150 kg/m²; 90 cm; 3.5m; 100 x 300 mm;⁷/, of its length; 4.5ft x 6.24ft; 03.10.1998; 32 lb; 145°F

.

Упражнение 4. Переведите следующие группы существительных:

Cellular structure, square cross-section, metal plate, section dimensions, timber construction, connection methods, temperature movements, joint movement problem, construction industry, precast concrete component, carbon contents, design strength, production technique, transportation costs.

Упражнение 5. Образуйте переведите их.

special particular wide usual constant

Текст В

GLUED LAMINATED TIMBER

Construction with sawn wood is limited by the size, shape, and characteristics of available trees. Lumber longer than 24 ft (7.2 m) or with a cross section dimension greater than 12 in. x 12 in. is difficult to obtain in large quantities. When lumber of these sizes is sawed, each piece much more often has some characteristic that seriously reduces strength or lowers the quality of its appearance than it is with pieces. Heavy timber construction and long spans are not feasible with sawn lumber. Sawn lumber cannot be bent into curves except in cross sections and is generally used straight.

However, structural members of any length and cross section and with any required curve can be made if pieces are glued together. The pieces, which are of standard lumber cross section, are glued one over the other, wide face to wide face, as laminations. No one lamination is as long as the member. They are glued end to end to reach the full length. A structural member made this way is called a glued-laminated member. The supporting members for heavy timber construction are glued-laminated timbers.

Lumber of 2 in. thickness is generally used for laminations. These laminations can be used straight in columns or beams and can be bent to form arches.

Notes:

end to end встык

glued-laminated member досчатоклеСные элементы

glued-laminated timber досчатоклеСные элементы деревянных конструкций

lamination п. слоистая конструкция

lumber п. пиломатериал

saw v. пилить

sawn wood пиломатериал

наречия от следующих прилагательных,

initial

reasonable

significant

complete

economical

great

large

near

equal

extreme

tree п. дерево, бревн

о

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1. What arc the limitations for construction with sawn wood?

2. Why is large size lumber not good for construction?

3. What is not feasible with sawn lumber?

4. How can structural members of any length and cross section be made of lumber?

5. How are lumber pieces glued to reach the full length?

6. What can laminations be used for?

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведенные ниже слова: except (prep.), lower (v.), thickness (п.), curve (п.), fcasible(adj.), face (п.).

Если Вы не знаете слово, найдите его в словаре. Выпишите из словаря то значение слова, в котором оно использовано в тексте.

Упражнение 2. Найдите перевод слов списка А в списке В.

А В А В размер	some	имеющийся	beam
форма	available	изгибать	wide
прямой	straight	арка	glue
пролёт	shape	балка	cross section
внешний вид	arch	широкий	column
кусок	size	качество	quantity
уменьшать	span	размер	bend
получать	reduce	склеивать	piece
некоторый	dimension	профиль	appearance
количество	quality	колонна	obtain

Упражнение 3. Напишите предложения с каждым из перечисленных ниже

слов:

form п. - form v. - formwork long - lengthУрок 1.11

Фонетическое задание

Прочитайте транскрипцию в списке А, соотнесите её с соответствующим словом из списка В и переведите слово на русский язык. Учтите, что не все слова списка В даны в списке А.

[,ri:in'f3:sm3nt]; ['kompszit]; ['kwortaj; ['Ufnss]; [mi'kaenikal]; [кэ'гэизэп]; [ meitriks]; [,veari'eij3n]; ['molikju:lJ; [ma'lekjuld]; ['suitsbsl]; [sins]; [Ьэи9];

[baind]

^B ..rt

mechanical both science reinforcement

Текст A

Ж

matrix since jnattress composite

bind

band

variation

toothless toughness inofebdle

corrosion compost

1

corrugation molecular quarter suitabl

e

PLASTIC

The construction industry uses over a quarter of all the plastics that are produced. However of the large number of plastics available, only a small number are suitable for use in the major elements of a building. The principal (iigtinction among plastics is between the thermosetting and thermoplastic materials. Both types may be reinforced by fibres and in the case of thermosetting plastics this is almost always necessary in order to obtain good mechanical properties. Plastics are widely used because of their high strength to weight ratio, their ease of forming and their resistance to corrosion.

The most popular thermosetting plastic in use in the construction industry, due to its cost, strength, relative hardness and jyu^Jijjess, is fibreglass reinforced polyester, GRP, a composite which has a polyester resin matrix and glass fibre reinforcement. In a reinforced plastic the matrix binds the fibres together and protects them from damage; the fibres arc much stronger than the surrounding matrix material. Fillers such as glass, mica and sand can also be incorporated so as to improve properties.

The properties of the plastic depend on the molecular structure and on the way the links between molecules are made. Only variations in temperature are needed in order to make large changes in the properties of the plastic. For example, unlike most metals, an increase in temperature even of 10°C (18°F) has a major effect on the strength, creep, elastic modulus and, therefore, the stiffness of the plastic. In addition to temperature, the mechanical properties of a plastic will depend on its conditions of use since production.

Notes:

fibreglass reinforced polyester полиэфирное стекловолокно matrix п. матрица mican. слюда

molecular adj. молекулярный thermoplastic adj. термопластичный thermosetting adj. термореактивный toughness п. жесткость, прочность

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1. How many plastics does the construction industry use?

2. What is the principal distinction among plastics?

3. Why are plastics widely used?

4. What is the most popular plastic?

5. How can the properties of plastics be improved?

6. What do the properties of the plastic depend on?

7. What is needed in order to change the properties of the plastic?

8. What has a major effect on the stiffness of the plastic?

9. How high should an increase in temperate be?

10. What will the mechanical properties of a plastic depend on?

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. а) Переведите на русский язык приведенные ниже слова:

glass (п.), protect (v.), resin (п.), unlike (adj.), composite (п.), plastic (п.), both (adj.), reinforcement (п.), glass fibre (п.), link (п.), surround (v.), panel (п.), incorporate (v.), hardness (п.), quarter (п.),

в) Какие из перечисленных слов могут быть другими частями речи? Какими именно? Как они в этом случае переводятся на русский язык?

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие слова на английский язык: коррозия; соотношение; лёгкость; сопротивление; число; различие; способ; меха­нические свойства; колебание; жёсткость; увеличение; модуль продольной упру­гости; деформация ползучести; дополнение; изменение; вес; прочность; волокно;

быть необходимым; зависеть; использовать; производить; улучшать; связывать; получать; армировать;

широко; высокий; относительный; прочный; основной; главный; пригодный

с, с тех пор как; только; для того, чтобы; также; поэтому; даже; намного; из-за; их; почти; более; однако; для; между

Упражнение 3. Найдите в тексте термины, связанные с пластмассами их типами, особенностями и свойствами. Перечислите их и дайте перевод на русский язык.

Упражнение 4. Какие из указанных переводов слов являются ошибочными. Укажите правильный перевод.

contents	содержание	in.	дюйм
brittle	хрупкий	feasible	возможный
cheap	дешевый	curve	изгиб
flat	плоский	lower	низкий
plate	плита	thickness	толщина
improve	улучшать	except	кроме
fixed	закрепленный	face	поверхность
erection	строител ьство	error	ошибка
steelwork	стальные конструкции	means	означать
storey	описание	welding	сварка

Упражнение 5. Дайте производные от перечисленных ниже слов. Укажите часть речи, которой является данное слово и его производные. Переведите их на русский язык.

hard; reinforce; wood; transport; weld; fabricate.

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите следующие производные слова согласно схеме: основа прилагательного + (j)ty = существительное

available - availability

capable (способный) - capability

capacious (объёмный) - capacity

conductive (проводящий) - conductivity

dense (плотный) - density

durable -durability

elastic - elasticity

permeable (проницаемый) - permeability porous (пористый) - porosity proper - propert

yУпражнение 2. Определите, к какой части речи относятся следующие слова, от каких слов они образованы и как переводятся:

accommodation

adaptable

adjacent

adjustment

alternative

architectural

firmness frequent hanger

central closely

competitive

considerable

deeply

equipment

facility

installation

loudness

protective

spacer

cavit

y

Упражнение 3. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на

сравнительный оборот the ... the ... .

1. The higher the temperature the more effect it has on the strength, creep and other properties of the plastic.

2. The larger the amount of aggregates in the concrete mix the less volume changes in the concrete due to shrinkage or temperature changes.

3. The more is the carbon contents of steel the stronger it is.

4. The more live load will be exerted on the structure the stronger it should be.

5. The higher temperatures the faster will be the creep.

Упражнение 4. Выделите главное и придаточное предложение в сложно­подчинённых предложениях. Переведите их.

1. Steel and cement, which are the two most important building materials now, appeared in the nineteenth century.

2. The tensile strength of steel which means it does not lose its strength when it is under a calculated degree of tension is its important advantage.

3. As steel has great tensile strength and concrete has great strength under compression they complement each other.

4. The means Romans used sometimes to strengthen their buildings were iron rods.

5. The natural cement Romans used was made from volcanic ash.

6. Good results depend upon the materials the builder selects and upon how he uses them.

7. Each material a builder uses must function well over a long time.

8. After the decision (решение) to design the building project is made the designer makes plans which consist of drawings.

Текст В

GLASS REINFORCED POLYESTER

Important general characteristics of GRP elements compared to other building materials and elements are as follows:

GRP has a low weight as well as a high strength to weight ratio. GRP has moderately good tensile, compressive and shear strength; however, strength is dependent on temperature and at high temperature even moderate stresses can cause failure with time. As the properties of GRP become worse with time, high factors of safety are necessary for long-term loads.

The polyester resin which is used in the production of GRP hardens and cures. However the resin is brittle and needs the strength that is given to it by the glass fibres; generally structural GRP contains between 25% and 60% of glass fibre reinforcement. GRP has a high coefficient of expansion.

GRP will creep, that is it will continue to deflect, if there is a permanent load on it. The higher temperatures the faster will be the creep. The maximum operating temperature is about 70°C(160°F).

GRP has a low modulus of elasticity and, because it is used in thin sections, deflection is often a critical factor in design. In order to overcome this flexibility GRP is often used in the form of double skin panels in which deflections are easy to control. The modulus of elasticity decreases with increase in temperature and time under load.

Notes:

coefficient п. коэффициент

double skin panel двухслойная панель

operating temperature рабочая температура

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1. What are the advantages of glass reinforced polyester?

2. What are its disadvantages?

3. Why are the glass fibres necessary in GRP?

4. What is the maximum operating temperature of this material?

5. Why is deflection a critical factor with GRP?

6. How is GRP flexibility overcome?

7. What influences the modulus of elasticity of GRP?

Грамматическое упражнение

Проанализируйте подчёркнутое в тексте предложение:

• выделите главное и придаточное предложения,

• найдите главные и второстепенные члены предложения в каждом из них.

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведенные ниже слова: deflect (v.), overcome (v.), dependent (adj.), decrease (v.), expansion (п.), as well as (adv.), flexibility (п.).

Если Вы не знаете слово, найдите его в словаре. Выпишите из словаря то значение слова, в кагором оно использовано в тексте.

Упражнение 2. Найдите перевод слов списка А в списке В.

А В А В умеренный	permanent	приблизительно	production
следующий	about	усиление	harden
твердеть	reinforcement	хрупкий	thin
безопасность	long-term	вулканизироваться	brittle
долговременный	general	по сравнению с	as follows
вызывать	failure	основной	load
производство	deflection	разрушение	safety
постоянный	moderate	сопротивление сдвигу	cause
ползучесть	shear strength	нагрузка	compared to
тонкий	cure	прогиб	creep

Упражнение 3. Напишите предложения с каждым из перечисленных ниже

слов:

deflect - deflection depend - dependen