- •Unit 1 petroleum and natural gas
- •II. Find the proper Russian equivalents for the following English terms.
- •III. Translate the following phrases into Russian without dictionary:
- •IV. Answer the following questions:
- •V. Retell the text using the questions in IV.
- •VI. Translate the following sentences into Russian, paying attention to the Degrees of Comparison.
- •VIII. Find one sentence in Present Perfect Tense in the text. Natural gas
- •II. Read and translate the text. Natural gas
- •III. Answer the following questions.
- •Unit 2 oil and gas fields development
- •II. Find the proper Russian equivalents for the following English terms.
- •III. Translate the following expressions into Russian without a dictionary.
- •Oil and gas fields development
- •V. Answer the following questions.
- •VI. Make up proper expressions using the words given in the following columns. Give the Russian translation.
- •VII. Retell the text “Oil and gas fields development” using the questions in V.
- •XI. Find in the text “Oil and gas fields development” the sentences containing the Participle.
- •XII. A) Read and render the contents of the text below in Russian. Give it a title.
- •Unit 3 historical development of oil pipe line
- •V. Read and translate the following text. Historical development of oil pipe line
- •IV. Translate into Russian, paying attention to the passive constructions. Remember the underlined verbs.
- •Unit 4 pumping stations
- •Pumping stations
- •V. Answer the following questions.
- •VI. Translate the following text into English.
- •VII. Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the use of the Participle.
- •VIII. Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the use of the Participle. Explain the difference between them.
- •IX. Translate the following word combinations into English.
- •Unit 5 manufacture of pipelines
- •III. Translate the following words.
- •IV Read and translate the following text. Manufacture of pipe lines
- •V. Answer the following questions.
- •VI. Find in the text the English equivalent to the following Russian words and expressions.
- •VII. Deny the wrong statements. Use the following expressions.
- •VIII. Translate into English.
- •IX. Translate the following sentences, paying attention to the meaning of the verb “would”.
- •X. Translate the following sentences, paying attention to the meaning of the verb “should”.
- •XI. Translate the following conditional sentences.
- •XIII. Translate the following extract into Russian with the help of a dictionary.
- •Unit 6 methods of transporting petroleum and their relative economic importance
- •I. Study the following words before reading the text.
- •II. Pay attention to the pronunciation of the following words.
- •III. Find the corresponding Russian equivalents.
- •Methods of transporting petroleum and their relative economic importance
- •VII. Translate the phrases into English using the Infinitive as an attribute.
- •I'm afraid that’s wrong.
- •It seems to me, it’s not true.
- •IX. Translate into English.
- •Moving oil and natural gas
- •XII. Give a summary of the text. Unit 7 types of pipe lines and storage tanks
- •Types of pipe lines and storage tanks
- •V. Answer the following questions.
- •VII. Translate into Russian. Pay attention to the form and the voice of the Gerund.
- •IX. Translate into English.
- •X. Translate paragraphs 3-6 in a written form. Pipeline components
- •Unit 8 construction of pipelines
- •III. Find the proper Russian equivalents to the following words and word-combinations.
- •Construction of pipelines
- •V. Answer the following questions.
- •VII. Translate into English.
- •VIII. Retell the text “Construction of pipelines” according to the following plan:
- •Unit 9 materials
- •V. Read and translate the following text. Materials
- •VI. Answer the following questions. Use the questions as a plan for your retelling of the text.
- •VII. Translate the following sentences. State the functions of the Infinitive.
- •IX. Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the Infinitive as an Adverbial Modifier of Purpose.
- •X. Translate into Russian using the proper function of the Infinitive.
- •XI. Translate the sentences, paying special attention to the use of the Complex Object and the Complex Subject. А
- •XII. Translate into Russian using the Complex Object and the Complex Subject.
- •II. Find out in the dictionary and remember the pronunciation of the following words.
- •VIII. Answer the following questions.
- •IX. Say a few words about a) trunk pipelines; b) multi-product pipelines. Make up a short plan of your speech.
- •X. Translate into English.
- •XI. Translate into Russian. Define the form of the Infinitive and its function.
- •XII. Translate into Russian. Pay attention to the use of the Participle and the Gerund.
- •XIII. Translate the following extract using a dictionary.
- •XIV. Find out if the following statements are true or false.
- •Unit 11 pipeline operation and safety measures
- •V. Read and translate the following text. Pipeline operation and safety measures
- •VI. Answer the following questions.
- •VII. Describe the pipeline operation according to the following plan.
- •VIII. Translate into Russian. Find out if the underlined words are the Gerund or the Participle.
- •IX. Define the function of the Infinitive used in the following sentences. Translate them.
- •X. Translate the following sentences. Pay attention to the Participle II.
- •XI. Read and translate the following extracts with the help of a dictionary.
- •Unit 12 types of coatings
- •I. Before reading the text study the following words.
- •II. Write out the proper transcription to the following words from the dictionary.
- •V. Find the suitable nouns to the verbs from List a. Make up your own sentences with the given phrases.
- •VI. Read and translate the following text. Types of coatings
- •VII. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •VIII. Answer the following questions.
- •IX. Retell the text “Types of Coatings” using the questions from the previous exercise.
- •XIII. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Gerund.
- •Unit 13
- •Integrated systems for pipeline security
- •I. Before reading the text study the following words.
- •II. Find out the proper transcription of the following words in the dictionary.
- •III. Find the proper Russian equivalents for the following English terms.
- •IV. Translate the following phrases into Russian without a dictionary.
- •VI. Find the suitable nouns to the verbs from List a. Make up your own sentences with the given phrases.
- •Integrated systems for pipeline security
- •VIII. Answer the following questions.
- •IX. Find English equivalents for the following words and phrases.
- •X. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •XI. Retell the text “Integrated Systems for Pipeline Security” using the questions in VIII.
- •XII. Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the Passive Voice.
- •XIII. Remember the meaning of the following verbs.
- •XIV. Translate the sentences paying attention to the Sequence of Tenses.
- •XV. Rewrite the following sentences beginning with the phrases given in brackets. Pay attention to the Sequence of Tenses.
- •Unit 14
- •In-tube magnetic examination of lined tubuing
- •I. Before reading the text study the following words.
- •II. Write the proper transcription to the following words.
- •IX. Answer the following questions.
- •XI. Retell the text “In-tube Magnetic Examination of Lined Tubing” using the questions in IX.
- •XII. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Complex Object and the Complex Subject.
- •XIII. Translate the sentences into English paying attention to the Complex Object and the Complex Subject.
- •Contents
III. Find the proper Russian equivalents to the following words and word-combinations.
1) steel mills 16) to be dug by an excavating machine
2) priming 17) to couple together
3) ditching 18) hauling and "stringing" the pipe
4) aligning 19) welded joints
5) trucks 20) to be governed by
6) beveling 21) backfilling and cleaning up
7) to test for leaks 22) refined products lines
8) bending 23) to attach a record pressure gauge
9) hydrostatic testing 24) coating and wrapping
10) inspecting welds 25) lining-up and welding
11) a pressure drop 26) to prevent corrosion
12) phenol-resin 27) clearing and grading the right-of-way
13) lowering in 28) a protection against something
14) to reduce capacity 29) a side-boom tractor
15) consistently sound welds.
Read and translate the text.
Construction of pipelines
Construction of pipelines is a spectacular job comparable with the building of railways in the past. Laying of pipes is generally carried out by a number of self-contained groups or spreads each working on a separate section of the pipeline. The size of a spread is governed by the diameter of the pipe and the type of country being traversed.
The construction phases consist of: clearing and grading the right-of-way, hauling and "stringing" the pipe, ditching, bending, lining-up and welding, inspecting welds, cleaning, priming, coating and wrapping, lowering in, backfilling and cleaning up, pressure testing. Extra phases of construction are applied whenever roads, railways or rivers have to be crossed.
Pipelines are sometimes laid on the surface in desolate country; practically all modern pipelines are buried. Buried lines offer physical protection from interference, especially in congested areas.
Submarine pipelines in estuaries, wide rivers and even in the sea are being laid increasingly, and in water as deep as 300 ft. Submarine pipelines are generally three to five times as expensive as pipelines on land.
A great deal of specialized equipment and machinery has been developed for use in pipeline construction. There are special vehicles for transporting and stringing; side-boom tractors for lifting and handling; machines for bending, cutting, beveling, cleaning, aligning, welding, coating and wrapping; machines for trenching and backfilling and special barges for laying submarine pipelines.
In order to build a pipeline tubes manufactured at steel mills have to be transported carefully to the right-of-way by trucks or any other means of transportation. Having been delivered pipes are to be cleaned, welded or coupled and covered with insulating material.
Practically all lines laid nowadays have welded joints. Mostly the electric welding process is used. Automatic welding is cheaper but has failed to give consistently sound welds. Radiographic inspection of welds is normal practice.
Then the pipe line is carefully laid on the smooth and graded bottom of a trench dug by a special excavating machine. After the pipe is completed it must be tested for leaks. This is accomplished by closing up the line, attaching a record pressure gauge and pumping air into it with a compressor to a higher pressure than that normally carried. The air usually remains in the pipeline for ten or twelve hours. A drop in pressure is the evidence of a leek to be repaired. The most advanced testing method widely used now is hydrostatic testing. It is usually applied in testing long distance, large diameter pipes.
Special attention is paid to the protection of pipelines against corrosion. The type of protection depends on local conditions. The most common way is to put a protective coating on the metal such as cement coatings, metallic coatings, paints, greases, wraps, phenol-resin and plastic coatings.
Corrosion may also occur internally. Rust and scale, which build up inside refined products lines, reduce their capacity and are dealt with by chemical inhibitors and by cleaning the line with brush type scrapers.