V. Answer the following questions.

1. What are pumping stations designed for?

2. What factors offer resistance to oil flow?

3. What factors do these frictional forces depend upon?

4. Is the viscosity of oil a constant factor? What does it change with?

5. What must be taken into consideration in all pipe line calculations?

6. What must we know to calculate the distance which oil may cover at a given initial pressure?

7. At what distance are pumping stations located?

8. What equipment does a typical pumping station have?

9. What power can be used at a pumping station?

VI. Translate the following text into English.

Нефть может протечь под воздействием силы тяжести только небольшое расстояние. Чтобы транспортировать нефть на большое расстояние, необходимо использовать насосы, которые сообщают нефти необходимое давление для преодоления сопротивления трения. С этой целью по всему трубопроводу устанавливаются насосные станции. Обычно они располагаются на одинаковом расстоянии одна от другой. Оборудование таких насосных станций состоит из двигателя, работающего на нефти и паре, и насосов, которые приводятся в движение валом. Дополнительным оборудованием являются: водяные охладительные башни, генераторы и нефтехранилища.

VII. Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the use of the Participle.

1. Using loopings we increase the capacity of the piping system. 2. After being pumped into the oil field storage reservoir, oil is transported to the distributing centres. 3. Having installed a looping we increased the capacity of the line. 4. Having been heated for several hours the oil was transported through the pipe. 5. Some methods being used by the company are the following. 6. The method used by the company was very successful. 7. The engineers investigating this problem made many experiments. 8. The engineer investigating the problem will make a report about his work. 9. The problem being investigated by this engineer is very important. 10. The problems investigated at our Institute are of great importance for oil and gas industry.

VIII. Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the use of the Participle. Explain the difference between them.

1. Working out new methods we increase the productivity of labour. 2. Carrying out the experiment, the scientist noticed something interesting. 3. Heating the oil, we reduce its viscosity. 4. Having heated the oil we pumped it through the pipe line.

1. Having worked out an efficient method of making large diameter tubes, our industry became independent of foreign firms. 2. Having carried out the experiment, the scientist analyzed the substances obtained. 3. Being heated oil becomes less viscous. 4. Having been heated for several hours, the oil was pumped through the pipe line.

IX. Translate the following word combinations into English.

1. переводя статью 2. используя метод 3. преодолевая сопротивление 4. читая статью 5. увеличивая диаметр

1. переведя статью. 2. использовав метод 3. преодолев сопротивление 4. прочитав статью 5. увеличив диаметр

X. Translate into Russian. Pay attention to the translation of the Participle.

1. Most lines being laid at present are a combination of the tided and weldless pipes. 2. Practically all transmission lines laid prior to 1900 were of wrought iron. 3. Currently 42 inches pipe is the upper diameter limit on pipelines built in the USA. 4. Welding processes are widely used now in the construction of oil pipes being built in our country. 5. Some methods being used by the company are proved to be very useful and efficient.

XI. Translate into English.

1. Работа, выполняемая сейчас ...

Работа, выполненная...

Работа, выполняемая институтом...

2. Нефть, подогреваемая...

Нефть, подогретая ...

3. Опыт, проводимый нами сейчас ...

Опыт, проведённый...

Опыты, проводимые в нашей лаборатории ...

4. Трубопровод, который строится ...

Трубопровод, который был построен ...

XII. Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the use of when, while and other conjunctions together with the Participle.

1. When developing a new field one of the first considerations which must be taken into account is the provision of pipe line facilities to carry the product to a distributing point. 2. While pumped different grades of oil should not be mixed. 3. When passed through all these operations the pipe line is carefully laid on the bottom of a trench dug by an excavator. 4. It is a physical law that the pressure of a given volume of gas will increase if heated and contracted when cooled.

XIII. Translate the sentences and define the function of the Participle.

1. Other equipment widely used included pipe bending and screwing machines. 2. Fabricated piping was normally moved by A-frame truck, as complicated shapes could not be economically handled on flat bed trucks. 3. Galvanized iron is iron covered with a thin layer of zinc to protect it from rusting. 4. Substances obtained contained no admixtures. The substance heated changed its property. 5. The pipes made of iron or steel are used in oil and gas industry.

XIV. Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the use of the Absolute Participial Construction.

1. Many experiments having been done, Russian scientists developed new devices for remote control of the system. 2. Technique having reached a high stage of development, new methods of work became possible. 3. Russian scientists and inventors had to work under the most difficult conditions, the tsarist government taking little interest in the development of Russian science and technique. 4. Our scientists come to the aid of geologists, their common efforts resulting in the discovery of new mineral deposits. 5. Numerous attempts having been made, wе came to a successful solution of the problem. 6. The total length of the gas pipe line is 850 km 59 km of which being gathering lines while the rest is the length of the trunk line. 7. Oil may be also transported from Baku in tankers along the coasts of the Caspian Sea and up the Volga to any town of Central Russia, water transportation being cheaper than transmitting oil by railway tank cars. 8. The operating pressure of the line having been agreed upon, calculations of horsepower could be easily made.