5 курс / Пульмонология и фтизиатрия / Clinical_Tuberculosis_Friedman_Lloyd_N_,_Dedicoat

Drug-resistant tuberculosis (Continued) shared toxicity between

antiretrovirals and antituberculous therapy, 314 situation management, 313–315

spread, 305

surgical management, 312–313 treatment for rifampicin-resistant

and MDR-TB, 310; see also Treatment guidelines

WGS comparison, 308 Drug-sensitive tuberculosis, 393;

see also Pulmonary tuberculosis

treatment, 394; see also Pulmonary tuberculosis and Treatment guidelines

latent tuberculosis infection, treatment of, 397–398;

see also Treatment of latent tuberculosis infection

Drug susceptibility testing (DST), 123, 302, 353, 354–355

Drug susceptible (DS), 104

Drug treatment developments, 203, 211 β-lactams, 209–210

clofazimine, 210 DPRE1 inhibitors, 205 fluoroquinolones, 208

host-direct therapy, 210–211 improving existing drugs, 205–208 mycobacterial membrane protein

large 3 inhibitors, 204–205 new drugs, 203–205

new regimens, 211 nitroimidazoles, 206–208 oxazolidinones, 205–206 respiratory chain inhibitors,

203–204

reusing old drugs, 208–210 rifamycins, 208–209 vitamin D, 210–211

Drugs, see Anti-tuberculosis drugs DS, see Drug susceptible

DSD, see Differentiated service delivery DST, see Drug susceptibility testing DTH, see Delayed-type hypersensitivity

E

Early bactericidal activity (EBA), 176, 205, 312

Early-secreted antigen-6 (ESAT-6), 154, 222

EBA, see Early bactericidal activity EBUS, see Endobronchial ultrasound Efavirenz (EFV), 282

Effector T cells (TE), 58 EFV, see Efavirenzn ELISA, see Enzyme-linked

immunosorbent assay EMA, see European Medicines Agency EMB, see Ethambutol

Empyema, 241; see also Pulmonary tuberculosis; see also Extrapulmonary tuberculosis

Endobronchial TB and bronchial stenosis, 241; see also Pulmonary tuberculosis

Endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS), 329; see also Surgical management and complications

and biopsy, 329–330 End TB strategy, 316

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), 154, 424

Epidemiology, 17, 18, 30–31 antibiotic resistance, 28–29

changing etiology of TB in decline, 25 compartmental model of TB, 20 control strategies for TB epidemics,

25–28

countries affected by TB, 18–19 decline in TB incidence, prevalence,

and mortality, 21, 26 epidemics of low-incidence disease,

19–20

estimated TB incidence and mortality, 19

genetic history of MTB, 24 host-related risk, 22 model TB epidemics, 20

novel tools and pharmacological interventions, 29–30 probability of infection, 21–22

projected impact of interventions, 28 resurgences of TB, 22–23

TB decline in twentieth century, 20–21

TB influence on other diseases, 24–25

variation in M. tuberculosis strains, 23 Epituberculosis, 346

Erythema nodosum, 238

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), 353

ERS, see European Respiratory Society ESAT-6, see Early-secreted antigen-6 ESR, see Erythrocyte sedimentation rate Ethambutol (EMB), 242, 252 Ethambutol, 179–180; see also

Anti-tuberculosis drugs Ethionamide, 186–187; see also

Anti-tuberculosis drugs

European Medicines Agency (EMA), 207 European Respiratory Society

Treatment guidelines, 393–398 Exposure, 343

Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB), 41, 88, 99, 203, 301, 344, 395

Extrapulmonary tuberculosis, 249 bone and joint TB, 252–254

central nervous system TB, 254–255 disseminated TB, 255–256 epidemiology, 249–251 gastrointestinal TB, 256–257 lymph node TB, 257 manifestations and diagnosis,

251–252

meta-analysis of sensitivity and specificity, 252

pathogenesis of extrapulmonary disease, 251

percentage among new and relapse case, 250

pericardial TB, 257–258 pleural TB, 258–259 Pott’s disease, 253

pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB, 250

renal TB, 259

sites of disease, 252 treatment, 252

tuberculous osteomyelitis, 253 urogenital TB, 259–260

Extrathoracic disease, 357–358; see also Childhood tuberculosis, and Extrapulmonary tuberculosis

F

F(420)-deazaflavin-dependent nitroreductase (Ddn), 206

F-A-S-T, see Find cases Actively, Separate temporarily, and Treat

FcγR, see Fcγ receptor Fcγ receptor (FcγR), 62

FDA, see Food and Drug and Administration; US Federal Drug Administration

FDC, see Fixed dose combination Female genitourinary, 353; see also Childhood tuberculosis

FEV1, see Forced expiratory volume FFP, see Filtering facepiece Fiberoptic bronchoscopy, 120 Filtering facepiece (FFP), 339

Find cases Actively, Separate temporarily, and Treat (F-A-S-T), 97

Fixed dose combination (FDC), 280

Fluoroquinolones, 208, 357, 360; see also Drug treatment developments

Food and Drug and Administration (FDA), 203

Forced expiratory volume (FEV1), 242 Forced vital capacity (FVC), 242 Four-symptom rule, 118

FVC, see Forced vital capacity

G

GDG, see Guideline Development Group Gene Xpert MTB/RIF, 275

Gene Xpert MTB/RIF ultra, 275 Gene Xpert Omni, 275–276 Genome wide association studies

(GWAS), 57 Genotyping, 79–98

Geographic information systems (GIS), 83, 302

GIS, see Geographic information systems Gram stain, 44

Gregor Mendel, 42

Guideline Development Group (GDG), 276

Guidelines, treatment, 393–398 GWAS, see Genome wide association

studies

H

Hazard ratio (HR), 285 HBHA, see Heparin-binding

hemagglutinin antigen Healing, 139; see also Radiology of

Mycobacterial disease

active TB and positive sputum smear, 141

alcoholic with cavitary TB, 141 biapical cavities, 140

with cavity closure, 140 formation of Rhanke complex, 139 incomplete cavity closure, 141 tuberculoma formation, 140

Helicobacter hepaticus, 25 Henle−Koch theory, 41

Heparin-binding hemagglutinin antigen (HBHA), 162

Hepatoxicity, 357 Heteroresistance, 304

H-GP, see Human-to-guinea-pig Higher middle income countries (HMICs), 415

History of tuberculosis

antiquity from global perspective, 5 artistic representations, 10 biomolecular evidence, 10–11

data from ancient human remains, 11

diagnosis in skeletal and mummified remains, 4–5

evidence for presence of, 4–5 evidence relating to animals and

domestication, 6

historical and pictorial data, 5, 9–10 humans, urbanization, and

industrialization, 6 joint tuberculosis, 5

in nineteenth and twentieth centuries, 11–12

skeletal remains from New World, 8–9 skeletal remains from Old World, 6–8 spinal tuberculosis, 5

HIV, see Human immunodeficiency virus HIVAN, see HIV-associated nephropathy HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN),

313

HIV-related tuberculosis, 144; see also Radiology of Mycobacterial disease, and Tuberculosis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus coinfection

consolidation with fissure bulging, 145 hilar adenopathy, 146 hydropneumothorax, 147 intraperitoneal air, azygos and

aortopulmonary adenopathy, 145

mediastinal widening extending into neck, 144

miliary dissemination, 146 vertebral body destruction with

paraspinal fluid collection, 147 HLA, see Human leukocyte antigen HNPs, see Human neutrophil peptides Host-direct therapy, 210–211; see also Drug

treatment developments HR, see Hazard ratio

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 3, 51, 154; see also Tuberculosis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus coinfection

syndemics of, 267

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA), 56 Human neutrophil peptides (HNPs), 55 Human-to-guinea-pig (H-GP), 99 Humoral immunity, 221 Hypoglycemic agents, 315

I

ICU, see Intensive care unit

IDSA, see Infectious Disease Society of America

IFN, see Interferon

IFN-γ, see Interferon-gamma IgG, see Immunoglobulin G

IGRA, see Interferon gamma release assays

IL, see Interleukin

IL-1Ra, see IL1 receptor antagonist IL1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), 57 IMID, see Immune-mediated

inflammatory diseases Imipenem (IMP), 193; see also Anti-

tuberculosis drugs Immune based tests, 345 Immune-mediated inflammatory

diseases (IMID), 156 Immune reconstitution inflammatory

syndrome (IRIS), 64, 244, 278, 313, 352

Immunoglobulin G (IgG), 221 IMP, see Imipenem Incidence ratio (IR), 164

Independent Scientific Group (ISG), 428 Inducible NOS (iNOS), 55

Inducible protein 10 (IP-10), 162 Infectious Disease Society of America

(IDSA), 243, 254 Treatment guidelines, 393–398

Infratentorial tuberculosis, 351; see also Childhood tuberculosis

iNOS, see Inducible NOS Insertion sequence (IS), 10, 43

INSTIs, see Integrase strand transfer inhibitors

Integrase strand transfer inhibitors

(INSTIs), 281 Intensive care unit (ICU), 315 Interferon (IFN), 52, 220, 251

Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), 153, 162 Interferon gamma release assays (IGRA),

51, 153, 154, 218, 244, 275, 343, 354, 373; see also Diagnosis of Latent tuberculosis infection

Interleukin (IL), 54 IL-6, 251

International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (IUATLD)

Treatment guidelines, 393–398 Intradermal skin test, 423; see also

Purified Protein Derivative Intravenous drug users (IVDU), 378 IP-10, see Inducible protein 10

IR, see Incidence ratio

IRIS, see Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome

IS, see Insertion sequence

ISG, see Independent Scientific Group

Isoniazid (INH), 41, 45–46, 84, 176–177, 242, 251, 269; see also Antituberculosis drugs

mechanism of action, 46 monoresistant TB, 394 monotherapy, 374–375 persisters and sterilization, 47 RIF and, 375

and RPT, 375–376 therapy, 360, 393–398

Isoniazid prevention therapy (IPT), 23, 275, 286–288, 397–398

IUATLD, see International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease

IVDU, see Intravenous drug users

J

Jumping genes, 43

K

Kanamycin (KNM), 184; see also Anti-tuberculosis drugs, aminoglycosides

KNM, see Kanamycin

L

LAM, see Lipoarabinomannan LAMP, see Loop-mediated isothermal

amplification test Latent M. tb infection, see Latent

tuberculosis infection

Latent tuberculosis infection, treatment of, 153, 177, 218, 373, 397–398

anti-TNF therapy, 378 chemoprophylaxis, 382 chronic pepticulcer disease, 381 chronic renal disease, 380–381

close contacts and recent convertors, 376–377

diabetes mellitus, 380

diagnosis of; see also Diagnosis of latent TB infection drug-resistant TB cases, 383–384

fibrotic lesions, 377

groups for latent TB screening, 374 health-care workers, 378–379 high risk exposure, 379

HIV infection, 377 INH and RPT, 375–376

INH monotherapy, 374–375 interpretation, 373 intestinal bypass surgery, 381 intravenous drug users, 378

low-risk individuals, 382 malignancy, 381

medical risk factors, 379–382 medication, 374–376 pregnancy and lactation, 384 retreatment and exogenous

reinfection, 383

RIF and INH for 3 months, 375 RIF and PZA for 8 weeks, 376 RIF monotherapy, 375

risk factors, 376–379 screening, 373 silicosis, 379–380 skin test, 154, 159, 373 smoking, 381–382

treatment completion, 382–383 treatment, 374–376; see also

Treatment guidelines weight loss and malnutrition, 381

WHO recommended regimens, 374, 397–398

Lateral flow LAM assay (LF-LAM), 276 LED FM, see Light-emitting diode

fluorescence microscopy Levofloxacin (LFX), 182; see also

Anti-tuberculosis drugs LF-LAM, see Lateral flow LAM assay LFX, see Levofloxacin Light-emitting diode fluorescence

microscopy (LED FM), 275 Line-probe assays (LpA), 123, 276, 306 Linezolid (LZD), 188, 206, 311; see also

Anti-tuberculosis drugs Lipoarabinomannan (LAM), 52, 276,

116, 124; see also Diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis

Lipoxin A4 (LXA4), 61 Long-sequence polymorphisms (LSPs),

43, 86

Loop-mediated isothermal amplification test (LAMP), 123

LpA, see Line-probe assays

LSPs, see Long-sequence polymorphisms LTBI, see Latent tuberculosis infection LXA4, see Lipoxin A4 Lymphohematogenous disease, 349–350;

see also Childhood tuberculosis and Extrapulmonary tuberculosis

Lysosomal enzymes, 54 LZD, see Linezolid

M

MAC, see Mycobacterium avium complex

MAIT, see Mucosal-associated invariant T

Major histocompatibility (MHC), 55 MALDI-ToF, see Matrix-assisted

laser desorption/ ionization-time-of-flight

Mannose binding lectin (MBL), 22 MAP, see M. avium paratuberculosis;

Mitogen-activated protein Massive hemoptysis, 240; see also

Pulmonary tuberculosis Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization-time-of-flight

(MALDI-ToF), 182

M. avium paratuberculosis (MAP), 417, 422

MBL, see Mannose binding lectin MDR, see Multidrug-resistant Mediastinoscopy, 327

Memory T cells (TCM), 58 Meningitis, 350–351; see also

Childhood tuberculosis and Extrapulmonary tuberculosis

Men who have sex with men (MSM), 272

Meropenem (MRP), 193; see also Antituberculosis drugs

Metformin, 315 Metronidazole (MTZ), 206 MFX, see Moxifloxacin

MGIAs, see Mycobacterial growth inhibition assays

MGIT, see Mycobacterial growth indicator tubes

MHC, see Major histocompatibility MIC, see Minimum inhibitory

concentration Micro-heteroresistance, 306 Microscopic observation drug

susceptibility (MODS), 407 Miliary, 255; see also Childhood

tuberculosis tuberculosis, 348

Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), 176, 203, 305

MIP, see Mycobacterium indicus pranii

MIRUs, see Mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units

MIRU-VNTR, see Mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unitsvariable number tandem repeats

Mitogen-activated protein (MAP), 54 MLST, see Multilocus sequence typing MMA, see Mycolic acid

methyltransferases MMPL3 inhibitors, see Mycobacterial

membrane protein large 3 inhibitors

Modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA), 224 MODS, see Microscopic observation drug susceptibility

Moxifloxacin (MFX), 181–182; see also Anti-tuberculosis drugs

MRP, see Meropenem

MSM, see Men who have sex with men

Mtb, see Mycobacterium tuberculosis MTBC, see Mycobacterium tuberculosis

complex

MTC, see Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex

MTZ, see Metronidazole Mucosal-associated invariant

T (MAIT), 56

Multi-arm multi-stage (MAMS), 211 Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis

(MDR-TB), 18, 41, 87, 99, 203, 249, 252, 269, 332–333, 344, 383, 394–395; see also Surgical management and complications, and Drugresistant tuberculosis

Multilocus sequence typing (MLST), 82 Multinucleated giant cells, 52

MVA, see Modified vaccinia Ankara Mycobacterial growth indicator tubes

(MGIT), 121

Mycobacterial growth inhibition assays (MGIAs), 225

Mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units (MIRUs), 43

Mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units-variable number tandem repeats (MIRU-VNTR), 79, 81, 302, 425

Mycobacterial membrane protein large 3 inhibitors (MMPL3 inhibitors), 204–205

Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), 422

Mycobacterium indicus pranii (MIP), 223 Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), 41,

47, 51, 97, 249, 373 acid-fast staining, 44–45 autarkic lifestyle of, 45 gene transfer in, 42 genome of, 42–44

genomic differences among strains, 43 infected with dual reporter

mycobacteriophage and treated with INH, 47

in infectious disease history, 41–42 isoniazid action mechanism, 46 persistence, 46–47

phenotypes, genotypes, and clinical implications, 44

primary attenuation of BCG, 45 target of isoniazid, 45–46

Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC), 6, 10, 79

Mycolic acid methyltransferases (MMA), 192; see also Anti-tuberculosis drugs

N

NAAT, see Nucleic acid amplification testing

NAPT, see National Association for the Prevention of Tuberculosis and other Forms of Consumption

National Association for the Prevention of Tuberculosis and other Forms of Consumption (NAPT), 11

National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE), 373

Treatment guidelines, 393–398 National TB Surveillance System (NTSS),

88

Natural killer (NK), 51 Natural resistance associated

macrophage protein (NRAMP1), 22

gene, 425

NCDs, see Non-communicable diseases Next-generation sequencing (NGS), 306 Next-generation WGS, 307

NF, see Nuclear factor

NGS, see Next-generation sequencing NHP, see Non-human primate

NICE, see National Institute of Clinical Excellence

Nitric oxide (NO), 55, 207 Nitroimidazoles, 206–208; see also Drug

treatment developments NK, see Natural killer

NNRTIs, see Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors

NNT, see Number needed to treat NO, see Nitric oxide

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), 25 Non-human primate (NHP), 61, 221 Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase

inhibitors (NNRTIs), 281 Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM),

220, 422

Non-tuberculous mycobacterial diseases (NTMDs), 242

NOS, see NO synthase NO synthase (NOS), 55

NRAMP1, see Natural resistance associated macrophage protein

NRTI, see Nucleoside reversetranscriptase inhibitor

NTM, see Non-tuberculous mycobacteria NTMDs, see Non-tuberculous

mycobacterial diseases NTSS, see National TB Surveillance

System Nuclear factor (NF), 54

Nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT), 116, 121–123

negative, 244

Nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI), 282

Number needed to treat (NNT), 157

O

OADC, see Oleic acid−albumin− dextrose−catalase

Officially Tuberculosis Free (OTF), 416 Oleic acid−albumin−dextrose−catalase

(OADC), 121 6-O-methylerythromycin, see

Clarithromycin

OTF, see Officially Tuberculosis Free Oxazolidinones, 205–206; see also Drug

treatment developments

P

PA, see Pretomanid

PAMs, see Pulmonary alveolar macrophages

PANTA, see Polymyxin B, amphotericin B, nalidixic acid, trimethoprim, and azlocillin

Para-Aminosalicylic acid (PAS), 185–186; see also Anti-tuberculosis drugs

PAS, see Para-Aminosalicylic acid Pathogenesis of tuberculosis, 51

acquired resistance to MTB, 57–62 adaptive immunity, 57–58

anergy, 62–63 animal models, 53 B and T cells, 55–56

class II-restricted cytotoxicity, 61 control of MTB infection, 53–56

cytokines in resistance to MTB, 60–61 HIV and pathogenesis of, 64–66 humoral immunity against MTB,

61–62

immune responses in human, 62 immunogenetics of, 56–57 immunopathogenesis of, 63–64 lysosomal enzymes, 54 macrophages, 53–55

MAIT cells, 56

Pathogenesis of tuberculosis (Continued) microbiome, 62

natural history and immunopathology, 51–52

natural killer cells, 55 neutrophils, 55 oxygen radicals, 55 phagocytosis and MTB

containment, 54 protective immunity and

T-lymphocyte-dependent macrophage activation, 58–59

reactive nitrogen intermediaries, 55 regulation by monocyte-stimulatory

AGS, 63

suppression by monocytes and regulatory T-cells, 63

T-cell responses, 59–60, 62 virulence factors, 52–53

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), 54 Paucibacillary disease, 356

PBMCs, see Peripheral blood mononuclear cells

PCR, see Polymerase chain reaction People living with HIV (PLWH), 115,

267, 287; see also Tuberculosis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus coinfection

ART as TB prevention, 285–286 isoniazid prevention therapy,

286–288

regimen choices for TBprevention, 290

TB radiologic features, 274–275 People who inject drugs (PWID), 270 Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), 62, 219

Persistence, 46

Persucht, 415

PGE2, see Prostaglandin E2 PGL, see Phenolic glycolipid Pharmacokinetics (PK), 176 PHE, see Public Health England Phenolic glycolipid (PGL), 87 Phenotypes, 42

Phlyctenular conjunctivitis, 238 PI, see Protease inhibitor

PK, see Pharmacokinetics

Pleural effusions, 349; see also Childhood tuberculosis; see also Extrapulmonary tuberculosis

PLHIV, see People living with HIV Plombage, 327, 336; see also

Surgical management and complications

Pneumothorax, 241; see also Pulmonary tuberculosis

POA, see Pyrazinoic acid POC, see Point-of-care

POI, see Prevention of infection Point-of-care (POC), 275 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 10,

165, 306, 351, 424

Polymyxin B, amphotericin B, nalidixic acid, trimethoprim, and azlocillin (PANTA), 121

POR, see Prevention of disease recurrence

Post-primary TB, 239–240

Pott’s disease, 352; see also Childhood tuberculosis and Extrapulmonary tuberculosis

Pregnant women and newborn, 361; see also Childhood tuberculosis

chemotherapy, 363 chest radiograph, 365

clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management, 363–364

congenital infections, 364 epidemiology, 362–363 management of mother, 365–366 pathogenesis, 361–362

potential modes of inoculation of neonate with M. tuberculosis, 362

screening and testing during pregnancy, 364–365

second-line drugs, 363

signs and symptoms of congenital tuberculosis, 364

Pretomanid (PA), 204

in various combinations, 207, 395 Prevention of disease recurrence

(POR), 226

Prevention of infection (POI), 223 Primary pulmonary complex,

347–349; see also Childhood tuberculosis; see also Pulmonary tuberculosis

Primary tuberculosis, 129; see also Radiology of Mycobacterial disease; see also Pulmonary tuberculosis

adenopathy, 130, 131 asymptomatic routine chest

radiograph, 132 bilateral cavitary opacities, 133 carpal tunnel syndrome and

adenopathy, 130 fever and weight loss, 130

ill-defined opacity with cavitation, 130

left pleural effusion, 131

lobar opaci and hilar adenopathy, 129

multiple areas of cavitation in left lung, 133

residual pleural focus, 133 Progressive primary tuberculosis,

237; see also Pulmonary tuberculosis

clinical features, 237–239 development and of spread, 238 epidemiology, 237; see also

Epidemiology erythema nodosum, 238 pathogenesis, 237

phlyctenular conjunctivitis, 238 Prophylactic vaccination, 217 Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), 61 Protease inhibitor (PI), 281 Prothionamide (PTM), 186–187;

see also Anti-tuberculosis drugs

PRRs, see Pattern recognition receptors

PTB, see Pulmonary tuberculosis PTM, see Prothionamide

Public Health England (PHE), 379 Pulmonary alveolar macrophages

(PAMs), 97 Pulmonary resection, 327 Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB),

4, 237 in adults, 348

adverse events, 245–246 aspergilloma, 240

baseline assessment and monitoring, 245

bronchiectasis, 240–241 bronchopleural fistulae, 241 chronic lung function impairment,

242 complications, 240–242

corticosteroid, adjunct, 244–245 diagnosis of, see Diagnosis of active

pulmonary tuberculosis delivery of treatment, 243 empyema, 241

endobronchial TB and bronchial stenosis, 241

goals of treatment, 242 intensity of dosing, 243–244 length of treatment, 244 massive hemoptysis, 240 pneumothorax, 241 post-primary TB, 239–240

progressive primary tuberculosis, 237–239

treatment regimens, 242, 393–398

Purified protein derivative (PPD), 54, 154, 270, 423

PWID, see People who inject drugs Pyrazinamide (PZA), 178–179, 242, 252,

357; see also Anti-tuberculosis drugs

RIF and, 376

Pyrazinoic acid (POA), 178; see also Anti-tuberculosis drugs

PZA, see Pyrazinamide

Q

QFT, see QuantiFERON-TB

QFT-GIT, see QuantiFERON®-TB-Gold In-Tube

Quanta, 98 QuantiFERON®-TB-Gold In-Tube

(QFT-GIT), 154 QuantiFERON-TB (QFT), 354 Quinolones, 208

R

Radiology of Mycobacterial disease, 129 atypical mycobacteriosis, 147–150 healing, 139–141

HIV-related tuberculosis, 144–147 look-alikes, 150–151

primary tuberculosis, 129–133 reactivation tuberculosis, 134–139 tuberculosis and non-HIV

immunosuppression, 143–144

tuberculosis or cancer differentiation, 142–143

Raised inflammatory markers, 240 RAL, see Raltegravir

Raltegravir (RAL), 281, 282 Randomised Badger Culling Trial

(RBCT), 428 Randomized-controlled trials (RCTs),

278, 311

RBCT, see Randomised Badger Culling Trial

RBT, see Rifabutin

RCTs, see Randomized-controlled trials RD, see Regions of difference Reactivation tuberculosis, 134; see also

Radiology of Mycobacterial disease; see also Pulmonary tuberculosis

bilateral upper lobe volume loss with nodular opacities, 134

bronchogenic spread, 134 bronchogram, 135

lucencies in left upper lobe, 136 miliary lesions, 137

multiple abdominal fistulae and abscesses, 137

multiple cavities with bronchogenic spread, 135

progressive fibrothorax, 138

right paratracheal adenopathy, 138 thoracoplasty for tuberculosis, 136 tree-in-bud pattern, 136 tuberculosis of spine and kidney, 139

Reactive nitrogen intermediaries (RNIS), 55

Reactive oxygen intermediaries (ROIs), 55

Regions of difference (RD), 43, 87, 154 Regulatory T cell (Treg), 62

Relational Sequencing TB Data Platform (ReSeqTB), 304

ReSeqTB, see Relational Sequencing TB Data Platform

Respiratory chain inhibitors, 203–204; see also Drug treatment developments

Respiratory tuberculosis, see Pulmonary tuberculosis

Restriction fragment-length polymorphism (RFLP), 43, 79, 355

RFLP, see Restriction fragment-length polymorphism

Rich focus, 350 RIF, see Rifampicin

Rifabutin (RBT), 180–181, 281; see also Anti-tuberculosis drugs

Rifampicin (RIF), 177–178, 242, 252, 269, 281, 357, 360; see also Antituberculosis drugs

drugs for injectable-free treatment, 395

and INH, 375 monoresistant TB, 395 monotherapy, 375 and PZA, 376

Rifampin, see Rifampicin

Rifamycins, 208–209, 357; see also Drug treatment developments

Rifapentine (RPT), 181, 281, 357, 360; see also Anti-tuberculosis drugs

INH and, 375–376 Ring Vaccination, 429 RMP, see Rifampicin RNIS, see Reactive nitrogen

intermediaries Robert Koch, 41

ROIs, see Reactive oxygen intermediaries RPT, see Rifapentine

S

SAPiT, see Starting Antiretroviral Therapy at Three Points in Tuberculosis

SAT, see Self-administered therapy SATVI, see South African TB Vaccine

Initiative

SCC, see Short-course chemotherapy SCFAs, see Short chain fatty acids Scrofula, 350; see also Childhood

tuberculosis Second-line drugs (SLIDs), 301

Segmental tuberculosis, 346; see also Collapse—consolidation

Self-administered therapy (SAT), 243, 278

Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), 62 Short-course chemotherapy (SCC), 203 Silicosis, 379–380

Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), 43, 53, 81, 176, 425

Skeletal tuberculosis, 352–353; see also Childhood tuberculosis and Extrapulmonary tuberculosis

SL, see Sulfolipids

SLIDs, see Second-line drugs

Small nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 305

SNPs, see Small nucleotide polymorphisms

South African TB Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), 226

Spoligotyping, 80; see also Tuberculosis transmission

Sputum smear microscopy, 120–121; see also Diagnosis of active pulmonary tuberculosis

SSI, see Statens Serum Institut

Starting Antiretroviral Therapy at Three Points in Tuberculosis (SAPiT), 278

Statens Serum Institut (SSI), 223 STM, see Streptomycin STREAM study, 284 Streptomycin (STM), 184; see also

Anti-tuberculosis drugs, aminoglycosides

Sulfolipids (SL), 52

Superboosting, 358

Surgical management and complications, 327

anterior mediastinotomy, 328–329 cervical mediastinoscopy, 327–328 chest x-ray, 328, 329, 330, 332, 333,

334, 335, 337, 338, 339, 340 collapse therapy, 327, 336

Tuberculin skin test (TST), 51, 153, 218, 275, 343, 353–354, 373; see also Childhood tuberculosis and Diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection and Latent tuberculosis infection, treatment of

Tuberculoma, 351–353; see also Childhood tuberculosis

Tuberculosis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus coinfection, 267, 295–296

care cascade in, 294 differentiated service delivery,

292–293 drug-resistant TB and HIV,

269–270 drug-susceptible TB, 279–282 epidemiology of, 267–272

estimated HIV prevalence in new and relapse TB cases, 268

estimated TB incidence rate, 268 expansion of healthcare workforce,

293–294

features of pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB, 274–275

Gene Xpert MTB/RIF, 275 Gene Xpert MTB/RIF ultra, 275 Gene Xpert Omni, 275–276

global scale and trends, 267–269, 272 integrated management of TB in

PLWH, 271–272, 276–285, 287, 291–295

integrated treatment of MDR-and XDR-TB in PLWH, 282–285

interferon gamma release assays, 275 laboratory diagnosis of, 275–276 line probe assays, 276 lipoarabinomannan, 276

LTBI treatment cascade, 288 preventing TB in PLWH, 285–291 randomized-control studies to

integrate TB and HIV treatment, 278–279

reactivation and transmission of M. tuberculosis, 270–271

shared side effects and toxicities of medications, 282

smear microscopy and culture, 275 social determinants, 272–274 stigma, 273–274

studies supporting TB/HIV treatment integration, 278–279

syndemics of, 267 3 I s, 271

tuberculin skin testing, 275 utilizing cascade and continuum of

care, 294–295 WHO-recommended collaborative

activities, 271

Xpert practical limitations, 276 Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), 53 Two-week rule, 103

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), 210 TZ, see Terizidone

U

Ultra-sensitive nucleic acid amplification tests, 25

Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI), 120

UN, see United Nations United Nations (UN), 271

Upper room GUV air disinfection, 107; see also Transmission control

US Federal Drug Administration (FDA), 306

UVGI, see Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation

V

Vaccines, 217, 226–227

Bacille Calmette–Guérin, 217–218 BCG efficacy, 218–220

boosting BCG with subunit, 223–224

cell-mediated immunity, 220–221 challenges in development, 224–226 in development, 222

humoral immunity, 221 inadequate capacity to do efficacy

trials, 225–226

lack of human challenge model, 225 lack of validated immunological

correlate of protection, 224–225

new vaccine approaches, 221–224 predictive value of preclinical animal

models, 225

pro and cons of clinical trial endpoints, 226

prophylactic vaccination, 217 protective immunity, 220–221 replacing BCG, 222–223

target populations for improved TB vaccine, 221

Variable number tandem repeat (VNTR), 43, 424, 427

VATS, see Video-assisted thoracic surgery

Veterinary Laboratories Agencies (VLA), 424

Video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS), 327, 330; see also Surgical management and complications

Video-observed treatment (VOT), 284

Vitamin D, 210–211; see also Drug treatment developments

Vitamin D receptor (VDR), 251 VLA, see Veterinary Laboratories

Agencies

VNTR, see Variable number tandem repeat

VOT, see Video-observed treatment

W

WGS, see Whole-genome sequencing wgSNP analysis, see Whole-

genome single nucleotide polymorphism analysis

WHO, see World Health Organization Whole-genome sequencing (WGS), 79,

302

Whole-genome single nucleotide polymorphism analysis (wgSNP analysis), 82

Window prophylaxis, 361; see also Childhood tuberculosis

World Health Organization (WHO), 153, 177, 203, 243, 373

drugs for injectable-free treatment, 395

End TB Strategy, 373

recommended regimens for latent TB, 374, 397–398

treatment, see Treatment Guidelines, 393–398

X

XDR-TB, see Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis

Xpert MTB/RIF, 306; see also Diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis

Z

Ziehl−Neelsen (ZN), 422

ZN, see Ziehl−Neelsen