Termination of drug proceeds
Psychic dependence |
Physical dependence |
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Depression |
Physical impairments, disorders |
|
|
|
of the |
central |
n |
Anxiety, alarm |
Disorders of organs and tissues |
and their sy
Repeated drug use
Stages of narco- and toxicomanias
At development drug addiction and toxicomanias allocate three naturally developing stages:
The initial stage is characterized by development of a complex of syndromes:
Neurotic and psychostenic. Manifestations: the increased irritability, fieriness, fast physical and intellectual fatigue, memory impairment, disorders of sensitivity, etc.
Mental dependence on psychoactive agent. For maintenance of a comfortable state the patient needs constant increase in a dose of substance.
Adaptations to negative effect of psychoactive agent. Reduction and disappearance of unpleasant reactions (nausea, vomiting, pseudo-allergic reactions, a headache, etc.), arising earlier at a drug taking, alcohol, other substances.
The increased tolerance to substance. For maintenance of a comfortable state the patient needs constant increase in a dose of substance.
The stage of physical dependence is characterized by formation of the following complex of pathogenic syndromes.
Physical dependence on psychoactive agent. Abstinent syndrome.
Inclusion of psychoactive agents or
them
metabolites in metabolism processes.Progressing increase of tolerance to
substance and transition to its toxic dosesDegradation of the personalityDisorders of function of bodies and
fabrics
On this station the organism is adapted for existence in it a certain level of psychoactive agent. At decrease in its concentration or the receipt termination the abstinent syndrome develops in an organism.
Final stage ( somatic, decompensations, exhaustions) is characterized by formation of the following complex of pathogenic syndromes:
Physical dependence on psychoactive agent;
Decrease in tolerance to substance and consumed its dose ;
Multiorgan insufficiency. Reasons:
•Rough metabolic and circulator frustration
•Structural changes in all bodies and fabrics (though expressed in different
degree);
Degradation of the personality ;Cachexia;
Abstinence;
3. ALCOHOLISM, CONCEPT, STAGES,
PATHOGENESIS.
Alcoholism — a type of the toxicomania arising at repeated use of alcohol. It is characterized by a pathological inclination to the use of alcoholic drinks, formation of physical dependence with development of an abstinent (hung-over) syndrome in case of the termination of reception of ethanol.
Alcoholism is the chronic disease which is showing in repeated receptions of massive doses of alcohol, causing damage to health drinking, its to social and economic functioning.
Weight of alcoholic intoxication depends on concentration of alcohol in blood, alcohol intake on an empty stomach, fatigue, an indisposition, reception of some drugs.
DEGREES OF SHARP ALCOHOLIC INTOXICATION
Easy degree: |
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Average degree: |
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Heavy degree: |
Appetite increase, |
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Decrease in mental |
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Deep sleep. To calls |
slackness, increase of |
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capacities, slackness, |
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doesn't react or something |
mood (euphoria), |
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drowsiness, approach |
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mutters. In a coma patient |
decrease in mental |
|
of a deep sleep. After |
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doesn't answer to painful |
activity. In 10-30 min. |
|
awakening at the |
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irritations. Occurs |
the speech becomes |
|
alcoholic the hangover |
|
vomiting. With increase of |
loud, greased, |
|
phenomena are |
|
poisoning the |
concentration of |
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expressed: weakness, |
|
consciousness is more and |
attention is broken, |
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lack of appetite, |
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more saddened, warm |
self-criticism decreases, |
|
discontent with and |
|
activity, pulse of weak |
uncontrolled physical |
|
people around, is |
|
filling falls. The similar |
activity increases a |
|
broken movement |
|
state lasts 6-12 hours and |
little. |
|
coordination. |
|
can end with death. |
Stages of alcoholism
Initial stage: |
Narcomanic stage: |
Final stage: |
It is characterized |
It is characterized by mental |
Long psychoses, |
by mental |
and physical dependence. |
progressing mental and |
dependence, lack |
Physical dependence is |
the necrotic violations |
of quantitative |
expressed in a systematic |
irrespective of |
control. Change of |
inclination to alcohol with |
continuation of abuse by |
reactivity of an |
the lost quantitative control, |
alcohol, brain syndromes |
organism on |
an abstinent syndrome in a |
are possible. Physical and |
alcohol is |
look the somato-vegetative |
mental dependence on |
expressed in the |
frustration. Alcoholic |
alcohol are expressed |
form of the |
psychoses, violations of |
most, however tolerance |
increased |
functions of an internal are |
starts falling, situational |
tolerance. |
possible |
control is absent. Rough |
Systematic |
|
decrease in the |
consumption is |
|
personality is |
noted. |
|
characteristic. |
The mechanism of toxic effect of alcohol on CNS
Alcohol
Cerebral cortex
Small doses |
Large doses |
Oppression of processes of inhibition
Exit of the subcrustal |
Coma |
centers from |
|
influence of brain |
|
Medulla
Excitation of the vascular-motor center
Increasing of arterial pressure
Alcoholic excitement
Conclusion
In the modern world of drug addiction, toxicomania and alcoholism long ago stopped being object of only professional interest from clinical physicians and pathologists experimenters. Even more often these terms appear on newspaper and journal pages, constantly meet in speeches of sociologists and politicians.
Alcoholism, drug addiction, toxicomania - the most actual problems of modern society and on the destructive consequences are comparable with terrorism. These stupefying substances differently influence to the people, but, eventually, is equally pulls down their life.
It is necessary to fight against current situation not only toughening of control and punishment measures. On the first place has to be prevention of drug addiction and alcoholism. It is much simpler to take care beforehand of something, than then to correct the already happened.
References:
1.Патофизиология для внеаудиторной самостоятельной работы студентов // Под ред. Ударцевой Т.П. – Алматы: КазНМУ им. С.Д.Асфендиярова, 2006. – С. 29 – 48
2.Патофизиология под/ред П.Ф. Литвицкого. М.:«ГОЭТАР-мед». Т. 1, 2002.- с. 624 -649.
3.Врублевский А.Г., Глазов А.А. Медико-социальные аспекты наркоманий и токсикоманий //Воен.-мед. журн. – 1988. - №5 – с. 66 – 68.
4.Захарченко М.П., Зименко К.А. О проблеме наркоманий и токсикоманий //Воен. – мед. журн. – 1989. - №6. с. 54 – 55.