Vocabulary

susceptible array of protozoan helminth copepods outbreak epizootic to stress

to deteriorate to undergo handling sustained onset infestation ultimately

to ingest to avoid

восприимчивый, чувствительный масса, множество

простейшее животное

гельминт (паразитический червь) веслоногие ракообразные вспышка

эпизоотия подвергать стрессу ухудшаться

переносить, подвергаться обращение, зд. уход, подход длительный, непрерывный наступление

инвазия (заражение паразитами) в конце концов

глотать, проглатывать избегать

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imminent надвигающийся, нависший, неминуемый

overall в целом, в общем

Exercises

1. Give Russian equivalents.

to be susceptible to a broad array of diseases; parasite outbreak; to be known as an epizootic; stress can occur; to undergo stress; the cause of stress; onset of disease; disease signs; to treat disease; to give chemicals in improper doses; to ingest treat-ment chemicals; some chemicals must be ingested by the aquaculture organisms; if water quality deteriorates; to avoid disease or parasite problems.

2. Give English equivalents.

Требовать лечения; умение хорошо справляться с водной системой для разве-дения животных и беспозвоночных; вспышка заболевания; вспышка заболева-ния происходит по ряду причин; быть восприимчивым к заболеваниям; попу-ляция подвержена напряжению (нагрузке); переедание или длительное недоедание; наступление заболевания или эпидемии; отсутствие сопротивления болезни; лечить заболевание; эффективные химикаты (лекарства) по контролю за бактериями; добавлять химикаты в воду; глотать химикаты; применять анти-биотики повседневно; простейшие животные и паразитические черви (гельмин-ты); самый лучший способ избежать заболевания.

3. Answer the questions.

1. What parasites are known in nature? 2. In what way can stress occur?

3. What is done if a population is infected? 4. Translate sentences.

1. Водные организмы чувствительны к различным заболеваниям. 2. Вспышку заболевания у популяции называют эпизоотией.

3. В большинстве случаев эпизоотия является результатом стресса популяции, и т.д.

4. Стресс у популяции происходит по ряду причин: Например, в случае ухуд-шения качества воды, по причине неправильного ухода за популяцией и т.д.

5. Те виды рыб, которые болеют или у которых, обнаружены паразиты следует лечить химикатами (лекарствами).

6. В некоторых случаях, химикаты добавляют в воду, в других случаях их нужно глотать животным.

7. Но специалистам по аквакультуре следует помнить, что химикаты токсичны, если их давать в неправильных пропорциях.

5. Translate into Russian using a dictionary.

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HARVESTING AND PROCESSING

The fish or invertebrates being reared by an aquaculturist may all be harvested over a short period of time, or there may be intermittent periods of harvesting throughout the year to ensure a constant supply of product reaches the market. The channel catfish in-dustry, for example, used to be based on a system wherein the bulk of the harvesting oc-cured in the late fall (autumn) when water temperatures became cold and fish growth was retarded. This meant a glut of fish on the market and consequent low prices to the producer. Now, the technique employed by catfish farmers is to stock each pond with several sizes of fish and harvest marketable individuals from a given pond by collecting them at intervals of several weeks year-round. If the producer has several ponds, harvest-ing might be a weekly or even daily occurrence. Peaks and valleysin in the availability of fish in the market are thereby avoided, and the price is much more stable.

Harvesting of ponds is typically accomplished with seine nets. The pond may be par-tially drained and a seine is pulled through that pond and fish are collected. Raceways can be harvested by crowding fish into a confined area and dipping them out with nets, a technique also used for harvesting cages and net-pens.

Following harvest, fish are typically loaded into hauling tanks on trucks. Inverte-brates may be transported in sacks (oysters and crayfish), in boxes on ice (shrimp), or in hauling tanks (lobsters, crabs). The animals may be carried considerable distances to a certain processing plant or they may be processed on the farm.

For fishes, processing may result in a number of forms. For example, channel catfish may be processed into steaks or fillets, skinned and eviscerated, prebreaded, or rendered into several other forms. Trout may be stuffed, gutted only head and fins are left on, or pre-pared in other ways. The product may be shipped to the market alive, on ice or frozen.

TEXT 23 AQUACULTURE IN NEW ZEALAND

Aquaculture is the propagation and husbandry of aquatic plants and animals to sup-plement the natural supply. These activities can occur in both natural waters and in artificial aquatic impoundments. The aquaculture industry in New Zealand specialises in high quality products and is a significant export earner for New Zealand. The main aquaculture activity in New Zealand is the farming of bivalves, in natural waters be-low high tide mark. The major species farmed are the green lipped or Greenshell mussel and the Pacific oyster. The main mussel farming areas in the South Island are located in the Marlborough Sounds and in the Nelson Golden Bay area. Further south, the main locations are at Stewart Island. In the North Island, mussel farming is concentrated in the Coromandel area with smaller areas in the Haurki Gulf and at Houhora Bay in the far north.

The farming method consists of floating longlines from which lines drop carrying mussels are suspended. Farms are located in sheltered to semi-sheltered areas where

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there is sufficient depth of water at low tide to keep the drop lines off the bottom.

The main Pacific oyster farming areas are located in sheltered sites on the north-east coast of the North Island, with main centers at Bay of Islands, Whangaroa Harbour, Mahurangi Harbour, and the Coromandel area. The farming method consists of oys-ters supported on structures (racks) erected at the optimum growing level on the low-er intertidal shore.

Tenures for mussel farming have been granted over 3920 hectares. Anannual crop of some 67.000 greenweight tonnes is produced. After processing, this has an FOB val-ue of approximately $ 140,000,000. Tenures for oyster farming have been granted over 2200 hectare. This results in an annual crop with an FOB value of approximately $ 45, 000,000.

Other species that are farmed are king salmon and the New Zealand abalone (known as paua). Salmon farming occurs only in the South Island either in sea cages or in freshwater raceways. Annual production of salmon farms has remained static over recent years at around 5000 tones greenweight. The FOB value of salmon ex-ported from New Zealand was $ 35,000, 000 in 1999.

Paua farming occurs throughout the country, but is predominantly in the South Island and the lower half of the North Island. Most paua are grown in barrrels suspended in the water column. There are small of fledging industries for the flat oyster, freshwater crayfish, Malaysian prawns, spiny lobsters and various aquatic plants (seaweeds). There are a number of ornamental fish farms throughout New Zealand where goldfish are raised and few species of ornamental or tropical fish are bred in geothermal water or artificially heated water.

Vocabulary

propagation husbandry

aquatic impoundment bivalve

green lipped greenshell mussel longline