- •Distributed Control Systems (DCS)
- •Fieldbus control
- •Practical PID controller features
- •Manual and automatic modes
- •Output and setpoint tracking
- •Alarm capabilities
- •Output and setpoint limiting
- •Security
- •Digital PID algorithms
- •Introduction to pseudocode
- •Position versus velocity algorithms
- •Note to students
- •Proportional plus integral control action
- •Proportional plus derivative control action
- •Full PID control action
- •Review of fundamental principles
- •Process dynamics and PID controller tuning
- •Process characteristics
- •Integrating processes
- •Runaway processes
- •Lag time
- •Multiple lags (orders)
- •Dead time
- •Hysteresis
- •Before you tune . . .
- •Identifying operational needs
- •Identifying process and system hazards
- •Identifying the problem(s)
- •Final precautions
- •Quantitative PID tuning procedures
- •Heuristic PID tuning procedures
- •Features of P, I, and D actions
- •Tuning recommendations based on process dynamics
- •Tuning techniques compared
- •Tuning a liquid level process
- •Tuning a temperature process
- •Note to students
- •Electrically simulating a process
- •Simulating a process by computer
- •Review of fundamental principles
- •Basic process control strategies
- •Supervisory control
- •Cascade control
- •Ratio control
- •Relation control
- •Feedforward control
- •Load Compensation
- •Proportioning feedforward action
- •Feedforward with dynamic compensation
- •Dead time compensation
- •Lag time compensation
- •Lead/Lag and dead time function blocks
- •Limit, Selector, and Override controls
- •Limit controls
30.6. NOTE TO STUDENTS |
2499 |
30.6.3Simulating a process by computer
A fascinating solution for realistic PID tuning in the classroom was o ered to me by Blair MacNeil of Cape Breton University (located in the town of Sydney, on the island of Nova Scotia, Canada) in 2010 by way of email correspondence. Professor MacNeil uses Moore 353 loop controllers connected to analog computer I/O (“data acquisition”) modules, with a personal computer running VisSim Realtime software to simulate the dynamics of a real process. With the power of a personal computer simulating the process, virtually any process dynamic (as well as any instrument fault) may be generated for the benefit of the loop controller to control:
|
|
|
Process dynamics simulated |
|
|
|
inside a personal computer |
Single-loop |
|
|
|
PID controller |
|
|
|
|
PV |
|
|
|
|
|
Ain0 |
|
SP |
Manipulated |
Ain1 |
|
|
|
|
|
Out |
variable signal |
Ain2 |
|
|
||
A/M |
|
|
Com |
|
|
|
DAQ |
|
|
|
Aout0 |
|
|
|
Aout1 |
|
|
|
Aout2 |
Input |
Output |
|
Com |
|
|
|
|
|
Process variable signal |
|
This approach provides realistic process dynamics for the loop controller to manage, yet requires little in the way of capital expense or physical space to implement. Di erent process models, instrument faults, and control strategies may be easily implemented in the personal computer’s software, making it far more flexible as a teaching tool than any analog electronic simulation network or real process connected to the controller. It is also completely safe to operate, with absolutely no danger of harming anything in the event of a process “excursion” or other upset.