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2.4.15Miscellaneous physical constants
Note: all constants shown in bold type are exact, not approximations. Parentheses show one standard deviation (σ) of uncertainty in the last digits: for example, Avogadro’s number given as 6.02214179(30) × 1023 means the center value (6.02214179 × 1023) plus or minus 0.00000030 × 1023.
Avogadro’s number (NA) = 6.02214179(30) × 1023 per mole (mol−1) Boltzmann’s constant (k) = 1.3806504(24) × 10−23 joules per Kelvin (J/K)
Electronic charge (e) = 1.602176487(40) × 10−19 Coulomb (C)
Faraday constant (F ) = 9.64853399(24) × 104 Coulombs per mole (C/mol)
Gravitational constant (G) = 6.67428(67) × 10−11 cubic meters per kilogram-seconds squared (m3/kg-s2)
Molar gas constant (R) = 8.314472(15) joules per mole-Kelvin (J/mol-K) = 0.08205746(14) litersatmospheres per mole-Kelvin
Planck constant (h) = 6.62606896(33) × 10−34 joule-seconds (J-s)
Stefan-Boltzmann constant (σ) = 5.670400(40) × 10−8 Watts per square meter-Kelvin4 (W/m2·K4)
Speed of light in a vacuum (c) = 299792458 meters per second (m/s) = 186282.4 miles per second (mi/s)
All constants taken from NIST data “Fundamental Physical Constants – Extensive Listing”, published 2006.
2.4. UNIT CONVERSIONS AND PHYSICAL CONSTANTS |
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2.4.16Weight densities of common materials
All density figures approximate for samples at standard temperature and pressure3.
Liquids:
•Acetone: γ = 49.4 lb/ft3
•Alcohol, ethyl (ethanol): γ = 49.4 lb/ft3
•Alcohol, methyl (methanol): γ = 50.5 lb/ft3
•Benzene: γ = 56.1 lb/ft3
•Butane (liquid): γ = 36.1 lb/ft3
•Carbon disulfide: γ = 80.7 lb/ft3
•Carbon tetrachloride: γ = 99.6 lb/ft3
•Chloroform: γ = 93 lb/ft3
•Ethylene glycol (ethanediol): γ = 69.22 lb/ft3
•Gasoline: γ = 41 lb/ft3 to 43 lb/ft3
•Glycerin: γ = 78.6 lb/ft3
•Isobutane (liquid): γ = 34.8 lb/ft3
•Kerosene: γ = 51.2 lb/ft3
•Mercury: γ = 849 lb/ft3
•Methanol (methyl alcohol): γ = 50.5 lb/ft3
•Milk: γ = 64.2 lb/ft3 to 64.6 lb/ft3
•Naphtha, petroleum: γ = 41.5 lb/ft3
•Oil, castor: γ = 60.5 lb/ft3
•Oil, coconut: γ = 57.7 lb/ft3
•Oil, linseed (boiled): γ = 58.8 lb/ft3
•Oil, olive: γ = 57.3 lb/ft3
•Propane (liquid): γ = 31.2 lb/ft3
•Toluene: γ = 54.1 lb/ft3
3Density figures taken or derived from tables in the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 64th Edition. Most liquid densities taken from table on page F-3 and solid densities taken from table on page F-1. Some liquid densities taken from tables on pages E-27 through E-31. All temperatures at or near 20 oC.
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•Turpentine: γ = 54.3 lb/ft3
•Water, heavy: γ = 68.97 lb/ft3
•Water, light (normal): γ = 62.4 lb/ft3
•Water, sea: γ = 63.99 lb/ft3
Solids:
•Beryllium: γ = 115.37 lb/ft3
•Brass: γ = 524.4 lb/ft3
•Calcium: γ = 96.763 lb/ft3
•Carbon (diamond): γ = 196.65 lb/ft3 to 220.37 lb/ft3
•Cement (set): γ = 170 lb/ft3 to 190 lb/ft3
•Chromium: γ = 448.86 lb/ft3
•Copper: γ = 559.36 lb/ft3
•Cork: γ = 14 lb/ft3 to 16 lb/ft3
•Gold: γ = 1178.6 lb/ft3
•Ice: γ = 57.2 lb/ft3
•Iron: γ = 490.68 lb/ft3
•Ivory: γ = 114 lb/ft3 to 120 lb/ft3
•Lead: γ = 708.56 lb/ft3
•Leather: γ = 54 lb/ft3
•Magnesium: γ = 108.50 lb/ft3
•Molybdenum: γ = 638.01 lb/ft3
•Quartz: γ = 165 lb/ft3
•Rubber (soft): γ = 69 lb/ft3
•Rubber (hard): γ = 74 lb/ft3
•Salt, rock: γ = 136 lb/ft3
•Sugar: γ = 99 lb/ft3
•Tar: γ = 66 lb/ft3
•Wood, balsa: γ = 7 lb/ft3 to 9 lb/ft3
•Wood, maple: γ = 39 lb/ft3 to 47 lb/ft3