- •Foreword
- •Table of contents
- •1. Executive summary
- •India is making great strides towards affordable, secure and cleaner energy
- •Major energy reforms lead to greater efficiency
- •India is making energy security a priority
- •Significant progress in sustainable development
- •Energy technology and innovation enables “Make in India”
- •Key recommendations
- •2. General energy policy
- •Country overview
- •Major energy supply and demand trends
- •Energy consumption
- •Primary energy supply
- •Energy production and self-sufficiency
- •Political system and energy sector governance
- •Electricity sector
- •Coal sector
- •Oil and natural gas sectors
- •Climate and environment
- •Other ministries
- •Governance of public companies in the energy sector
- •Economy and the energy sector
- •Financial health of the power sector
- •Energy and climate policy
- •Energy taxation and subsidies
- •Goods and Services Tax
- •Subsidies
- •Electricity access
- •Clean cooking
- •The way towards a national energy policy
- •Energy data and statistics in India
- •Assessment
- •A co-ordinated national energy policy
- •Access to electricity and clean cooking
- •Economic efficiency
- •Energy security
- •Sustainability
- •Energy data and statistics
- •Recommendations
- •3. Energy and sustainable development
- •Overview
- •Energy, environment and sustainable development: An integrated policy response in the context of SDGs
- •Ensuring sustainable energy for all: SDG 7
- •Access to electricity and clean cooking: SDG 7.1 progress and outlook
- •Electricity access
- •Clean cooking
- •Renewables: SDG 7.2 progress and outlook
- •Energy efficiency: SDG 7.3
- •Energy and air quality: SDG 3
- •Current status of air pollutants
- •Air quality policy framework
- •Transport sector
- •Power sector
- •Industrial sector
- •The outlook for air quality
- •Energy-related CO2 emissions and carbon intensity: SDG 13
- •Sectoral GHG status and stated policy outlook
- •Energy sector role in GHG mitigation policy
- •Pricing of energy sector externalities
- •Energy sector climate change adaption and resilience
- •Assessment
- •Energy access
- •Energy sector and air quality
- •Energy and climate adaptation and resilience
- •Energy sector cost-effective response to climate change
- •Recommendations
- •4. Energy efficiency
- •Overview
- •Supply and demand trends
- •Energy consumption by sector
- •Industry
- •Residential
- •Services and agriculture
- •Transport
- •Policy framework and institutions
- •Policies and programmes
- •Industry
- •Buildings
- •Appliances and equipment
- •Municipalities
- •Agriculture
- •Transport
- •Assessment
- •Co-ordination, institutional capacity and data
- •Leveraging private-sector investments
- •Industry
- •Buildings
- •Appliances and equipment
- •Municipalities
- •Agriculture
- •Transport
- •Recommendations
- •5. Renewable energy
- •Overview
- •Supply and demand trends
- •Renewable energy in TPES
- •Electricity from renewable energy
- •Institutions
- •Policy and regulation
- •Electricity
- •Utility-scale renewables
- •Rooftop solar PV
- •Offshore wind
- •Off-grid solar PV
- •Bioenergy and waste
- •Barriers to investment in renewable energy projects
- •Transport
- •Industry
- •Assessment
- •Electricity
- •Transport
- •Industry
- •Recommendations
- •6. Energy technology innovation
- •Overview
- •Energy technology RD&D and innovation policies
- •Energy technology RD&D landscape
- •Public-sector RD&D actors
- •Public-sector RD&D priorities and co-ordination
- •Public-sector funding for energy RD&D
- •Private-sector energy RD&D landscape
- •International collaboration
- •Assessment framework
- •Non-financial support and policies
- •Direct and indirect financial support
- •Assessment
- •Strategic planning of energy RD&D activities
- •Inter-ministerial RD&D programme co-ordination
- •MI RD&D goals
- •Private-sector engagement to spur energy RD&D investment
- •Leadership in energy RD&D international collaboration
- •Recommendations
- •7. Electricity
- •Overview
- •Supply and demand trends
- •Electricity generation
- •Imports and exports
- •Consumption
- •Electricity access
- •Institutions
- •Market structure
- •Transmission
- •Captive producers
- •System operation
- •Power market reforms
- •Assessment framework
- •A. India’s power system transformation
- •Policies for decarbonisation
- •The role of nuclear power
- •B. Electricity markets to maximise investments and consumer outcomes
- •The wholesale market
- •Wholesale market reforms
- •Investment in the power sector
- •Power assets under financial stress
- •The retail markets in India
- •Retail market rules and regulations
- •Metering and smart meters
- •The financial health of the DISCOMs
- •Tariff reforms
- •Electricity retail pricing
- •C. Ensure power system security
- •Reliability
- •Generation adequacy
- •Network adequacy
- •Quality of supply
- •Flexibility of the power system
- •Assessment
- •Recommendations
- •8. System integration of variable renewable energy
- •Overview
- •Supply and demand trends
- •Penetration of VRE at the state level
- •India’s system integration challenges
- •General considerations for system integration
- •Different timescales of system flexibility requirements
- •System operation and electricity markets
- •System operation – generation dispatch
- •System operation – forecasting of wind and solar output
- •Power market design to support system integration of renewables
- •Flexibility resources in India
- •Power plants
- •Thermal plants
- •VRE sources
- •Electricity networks and grid infrastructure
- •Case study – Green Energy Corridors
- •Distributed resources
- •Demand response and retail pricing
- •Storage
- •Battery storage
- •Future sector coupling, hydrogen (ammonia)
- •IEA flexibility analysis – A scenario outlook to 2040
- •Assessment
- •Advanced system operation
- •Improving electricity market design
- •Flexibility resources
- •Recommendations
- •9. Coal
- •Overview
- •Supply and demand
- •Resoures and reserves
- •Domestic production
- •Imports
- •Coal consumption
- •Institutional framework
- •The public sector
- •The private sector
- •Government policies
- •Royalties and levies
- •Commercial mining
- •Coal and railways
- •Coal supply allocation and pricing
- •Coal washing
- •Local air quality policies
- •India’s climate commitments and the role of coal
- •Carbon capture and storage
- •Assessment
- •Recommendations
- •Overview
- •Supply and demand
- •Oil supply
- •Oil demand
- •Oil trade: imports and exports
- •Crude oil imports
- •Oil products imports and exports
- •Institutions
- •Retail market and prices
- •Market structure
- •Pricing
- •Upstream: Exploration and production policies
- •Infrastructure
- •Refineries
- •Ports and pipelines
- •Storage
- •Security of supply
- •Emergency response policy and strategic stocks
- •Demand restraint
- •Assessment
- •Recommendations
- •11. Natural gas
- •Overview
- •Supply and demand
- •Gas production and reserves
- •Institutions
- •Gas infrastructure
- •Gas policy
- •Markets and regulation
- •Upstream
- •Midstream
- •Downstream
- •Security of gas supply
- •Domestic gas production
- •Diversity of the LNG import portfolio
- •Pipeline import options
- •Availability of additional LNG volumes
- •Availability of seasonal storage
- •Assessment
- •Recommendations
- •ANNEX A: Organisations visited
- •ANNEX B: Energy balances and key statistical data
- •ANNEX C: Acronyms, abbreviations and units of measure
India 2020
Energy Policy Review
India 2020
Energy Policy Review
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
The IEA examines |
IEA member |
IEA association |
the full spectrum |
countries: |
countries: |
of energy issues |
|
|
including oil, gas |
Australia |
Brazil |
and coal supply and |
Austria |
China |
demand, renewable |
Belgium |
India |
energy technologies, |
Canada |
Indonesia |
electricity markets, |
Czech Republic |
Morocco |
energy efficiency, |
Denmark |
Singapore |
access to energy, |
Estonia |
South Africa |
demand side |
Finland |
Thailand |
management and |
France |
|
much more. Through |
Germany |
|
its work, the IEA |
Greece |
|
advocates policies |
Hungary |
|
that will enhance |
Ireland |
|
the reliability, |
Italy |
|
affordability and |
Japan |
|
sustainability of |
Korea |
|
energy in its 30 |
Luxembourg |
|
member countries, |
Mexico |
|
8 association |
Netherlands |
|
countries and |
New Zealand |
|
beyond. |
Norway |
|
|
Poland |
|
|
Portugal |
|
|
Slovak Republic |
|
|
Spain |
|
|
Sweden |
|
|
Switzerland |
|
|
Turkey |
|
|
United Kingdom |
|
|
United States |
|
|
The European |
|
|
Commission also |
|
|
participates in the |
|
|
work of the IEA |
|
Please note that this publication is subject to specific restrictions that limit its use and distribution. The terms and conditions are available online at www.iea.org/t&c/
Source: IEA. All rights reserved.
International Energy Agency Website: www.iea.org
Foreword
India’s achievements in the energy sector in recent years have been outstanding. Led by Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi and his ministers, the Government of India is implementing reforms towards a secure, affordable and sustainable energy system to power a robust economic growth.
The country has made huge strides to ensure full access to electricity, bringing power to more than 700 million people since 2000. It is pursuing a very ambitious deployment of renewable energy, notably solar, and has boosted energy efficiency through innovative programmes such as replacing incandescent light bulbs with LEDs (under the Ujala scheme). And it is addressing the serious health problems caused by air pollution for its major cities, providing 80 million households with liquefied petroleum gas connection (under the Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana scheme), thereby reducing the exposure from biomass cooking stoves, a major cause of respiratory diseases.
India is also introducing important energy pricing reforms in the coal, oil, gas, and electricity sectors which are fundamental to further opening the energy market and improving its financial health. It is taking significant steps to enhance its energy security by fostering domestic production through the most significant upstream reform of India's Hydrocarbon Exploration and Licensing Policy (HELP) and building up dedicated oil emergency stocks in the form of a strategic petroleum reserve. The scale of these achievements is hard to overstate.
Building on co-operation that goes back to 1998, India joined the IEA family in March 2017 when it became an Association member, a major milestone in our bilateral collaboration. This relationship has flourished since then with co-operation across all energy sector-related ministries. The IEA benefits greatly from this partnership given India’s importance in global energy markets and the remarkable insights it provides to other IEA members.
The IEA has been conducting in-depth peer reviews of its member countries’ energy policies since 1976. As the IEA opens its doors to emerging economies, our in-depth policy review process is playing a bigger role in our bilateral collaboration with Association countries, and draws upon the unique expertise of the IEA family at large. In January 2019, a team of senior international energy experts visited India to discuss the challenges and opportunities of India’s energy sector with stakeholders from government, industry and academia. This report is the product of those discussions and intensive exchanges between the IEA, the review team and the Indian government throughout the year. This review for India provides a crosscutting overview of India’s energy policy and real-world policy advice and makes recommendations for all areas of India’s energy sector.
I would like to thank the Government of India, notably NITI Aayog CEO Mr Amitabh Kant and his team for the excellent collaboration on this project. My gratitude goes to Ambassador Noé van Hulst from the Netherlands, for leading this review, and to the peers from Canada, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, the United States and the European Commission.
3
FOREWORD
IEA. All rights reserved.
FOREWORD
Reports like this in-depth review highlight India’s excellent achievements and best practices, while at the same time guiding India in its ambitious energy transition, supporting energy policy development, and learning from international experience. I look forward to working even more closely with the Government of India and supporting them in taking their energy policy forward.
Dr. Fatih Birol
Executive Director
International Energy Agency
4
IEA. All rights reserved.
ENERGY INSIGHTS |
|
1. Executive summary..................................................................................................... |
13 |
India is making great strides towards affordable, secure and cleaner energy................. |
13 |
Major energy reforms lead to greater efficiency............................................................. |
13 |
India is making energy security a priority....................................................................... |
14 |
Significant progress in sustainable development ........................................................... |
15 |
Energy technology and innovation enables “Make in India” ........................................... |
17 |
Key recommendations .................................................................................................. |
18 |
2. General energy policy................................................................................................. |
19 |
Country overview .......................................................................................................... |
19 |
Major energy supply and demand trends....................................................................... |
20 |
Energy consumption ..................................................................................................... |
21 |
Political system and energy sector governance............................................................. |
26 |
Governance of public companies in the energy sector................................................... |
28 |
Economy and the energy sector.................................................................................... |
30 |
Energy and climate policy ............................................................................................. |
33 |
Energy taxation and subsidies....................................................................................... |
35 |
Energy data and statistics in India................................................................................. |
37 |
Assessment .................................................................................................................. |
38 |
Recommendations ........................................................................................................ |
43 |
ENERGY SYSTEM TRANSFORMATION |
|
3. Energy and sustainable development....................................................................... |
45 |
Overview....................................................................................................................... |
45 |
Energy, environment and sustainable development: An integrated policy response in the |
|
context of SDGs............................................................................................................ |
46 |
Assessment .................................................................................................................. |
69 |
Recommendations ........................................................................................................ |
73 |
4. Energy efficiency......................................................................................................... |
77 |
Overview....................................................................................................................... |
77 |
Supply and demand trends ........................................................................................... |
79 |
Energy consumption by sector ...................................................................................... |
79 |
Policy framework and institutions .................................................................................. |
86 |
5
TABLE OF CONTENTS
IEA. All rights reserved.
TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
Policies and programmes.............................................................................................. |
87 |
Assessment .................................................................................................................. |
94 |
Recommendations ...................................................................................................... |
101 |
5. Renewable energy.................................................................................................... |
107 |
Overview..................................................................................................................... |
107 |
Supply and demand trends ......................................................................................... |
108 |
Institutions................................................................................................................... |
110 |
Policy and regulation................................................................................................... |
111 |
Assessment ................................................................................................................ |
120 |
Recommendations ...................................................................................................... |
125 |
6. Energy technology innovation................................................................................ |
129 |
Overview..................................................................................................................... |
129 |
Energy technology RD&D and innovation policies ....................................................... |
130 |
Energy technology RD&D landscape .......................................................................... |
131 |
International collaboration ........................................................................................... |
139 |
Assessment framework............................................................................................... |
141 |
Assessment ................................................................................................................ |
143 |
Recommendations ...................................................................................................... |
146 |
ENERGY SECURITY |
|
7. Electricity................................................................................................................... |
151 |
Overview..................................................................................................................... |
151 |
Supply and demand trends ......................................................................................... |
152 |
Electricity access ........................................................................................................ |
156 |
Institutions................................................................................................................... |
157 |
Market structure .......................................................................................................... |
158 |
Power market reforms................................................................................................. |
160 |
Assessment framework............................................................................................... |
162 |
A. India’s power system transformation ................................................................... |
162 |
B. Electricity markets to maximise investments and consumer outcomes .................. |
166 |
C. Ensure power system security ............................................................................. |
181 |
Assessment ................................................................................................................ |
188 |
Recommendations ...................................................................................................... |
192 |
6
IEA. All rights reserved.
|
|
|
TABLE OF CONTENTS |
8. System integration of variable renewable energy |
................................................ 195 |
||
Overview..................................................................................................................... |
195 |
||
Supply and demand trends ......................................................................................... |
196 |
||
General considerations for system integration............................................................. |
201 |
||
System operation and electricity markets .................................................................... |
203 |
||
Flexibility resources in India ........................................................................................ |
209 |
||
IEA flexibility analysis – A scenario outlook to 2040 .................................................... |
221 |
||
Assessment ................................................................................................................ |
221 |
||
Recommendations ...................................................................................................... |
224 |
||
9. Coal ............................................................................................................................ |
229 |
||
Overview..................................................................................................................... |
229 |
||
Supply and demand .................................................................................................... |
231 |
||
Institutional framework ................................................................................................ |
235 |
||
Government policies ................................................................................................... |
237 |
||
Assessment ................................................................................................................ |
244 |
||
Recommendations ...................................................................................................... |
247 |
||
10. Oil ............................................................................................................................. |
249 |
||
Overview..................................................................................................................... |
249 |
||
Supply and demand .................................................................................................... |
250 |
||
Institutions................................................................................................................... |
257 |
||
Retail market and prices.............................................................................................. |
257 |
||
Upstream: Exploration and production policies............................................................ |
259 |
||
Infrastructure............................................................................................................... |
260 |
||
Security of supply........................................................................................................ |
264 |
||
Assessment ................................................................................................................ |
266 |
||
Recommendations ...................................................................................................... |
268 |
||
11. Natural gas .............................................................................................................. |
271 |
||
Overview..................................................................................................................... |
271 |
||
Supply and demand .................................................................................................... |
272 |
||
Gas production and reserves ...................................................................................... |
274 |
||
Institutions................................................................................................................... |
275 |
||
Gas infrastructure ....................................................................................................... |
276 |
||
Gas policy................................................................................................................... |
277 |
||
Markets and regulation................................................................................................ |
278 |
||
Security of gas supply ................................................................................................. |
281 |
||
|
|
|
|
7 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TABLE OF CONTENTS
IEA. All rights reserved.
TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
Assessment ................................................................................................................ |
285 |
|
Recommendations ...................................................................................................... |
287 |
|
ANNEXES |
|
|
ANNEX A: Organisations visited ................................................................................. |
289 |
|
ANNEX B: Energy balances and key statistical data.................................................... |
293 |
|
ANNEX C: Acronyms, abbreviations and units of measure.......................................... |
297 |
|
LIST OF FIGURES, TABLES AND BOXES |
|
|
Figures |
|
|
2.1 |
Overview of India’s energy system by fuel and sector, 2017 ................................ |
20 |
2.2 |
Trends in the growth of the economy, population and energy indicators............... |
21 |
2.3 |
TFC by sector, 1973-2017 ................................................................................... |
21 |
2.4 |
TFC by source and sector, 2017.......................................................................... |
22 |
2.5 |
TPES by source, 1973-2017................................................................................ |
23 |
2.6 |
Energy production by source, 1974-2017............................................................. |
23 |
2.7 |
Import dependencies for different energy sources in TPES, 2007-17................... |
24 |
2.8 |
Change in TPES 2007-17 by GDP per capita 2016, G20 countries...................... |
24 |
2.9 |
TPES by country, G20 countries, 2007 and 2017................................................. |
25 |
2.10 |
TPES by fuel, G20 countries, 2017...................................................................... |
25 |
2.11 |
Main institutions involved in energy policy making in India ................................... |
27 |
3.1Contribution of sustainable development policies towards air pollutant emissions
reductions in India ............................................................................................... |
47 |
3.2 Proportion of population with access to electricity, 2000-30 ................................. |
49 |
3.3Modern renewables and renewables including traditional biomass, share of TFC,
|
2000-30 ............................................................................................................... |
50 |
3.4 |
Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) in India, the region and the world .......................... |
51 |
3.5 |
Average annual outdoor PM 2.5 concentrations in selected urban areas, year..... |
52 |
3.6Energy-related emissions of major air pollutants (SO2, NOX and PM 2.5) by sector,
2018 .................................................................................................................... |
54 |
3.7 Emissions of major air pollutants, 2018 and 2040 (NPS)...................................... |
58 |
3.8Industrial emissions of major air pollutants and fuel mix in industry, 2015 and 2040
|
(NPS) .................................................................................................................. |
|
|
|
|
60 |
3.9 |
Energy-related CO2 emissions and main drivers, 2000-17 ................................... |
60 |
||||
3.10 |
CO2 intensity of India and IEA member countries, 2017....................................... |
61 |
||||
3.11 |
CO2 emissions per capita in India and IEA member countries, 2017 .................... |
62 |
||||
3.12 |
Energy-related CO |
|
emissions by source, historical and NPS projections |
|
||
for 2030 and 2040 |
|
|
|
62 |
||
3.13 |
Energy-related CO |
|
emissions by sector, historical and NPS projections |
|
||
for 2030 and 2040 |
|
|
|
63 |
||
3.14 |
Electricity generation by source in India, historical and projected (STEPS) .......... |
63 |
||||
|
|
|
|
8 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
IEA. All rights reserved.
|
|
TABLE OF CONTENTS |
4.1 |
Composition of energy demand, 2000 and 2018.................................................. |
78 |
4.2 |
Energy TFC and drivers, 2000-17........................................................................ |
79 |
4.3 |
Energy TFC by sector, 2000-17 ........................................................................... |
80 |
4.4 |
Energy TFC in industry by source, 2000-17 ......................................................... |
80 |
4.5 |
Energy consumption in manufacturing industry sectors, 2017.............................. |
81 |
4.6Residential sector energy consumption by source, 2017, and growth in electricity
|
and oil, 2000-17................................................................................................... |
83 |
4.7 |
Energy consumption for transport by mode and fuel, 2017................................... |
84 |
4.8 |
Energy intensity by transport mode, 2017 ............................................................ |
85 |
4.9Evolution of passenger and freight rail transport activity and share of transport
|
sector in India, 2000-2017 ................................................................................... |
86 |
4.10 |
Key institutions involved in energy efficiency policy making and implementation.. |
87 |
4.11 |
Energy savings and associated benefits of rail by 2050 ....................................... |
94 |
5.1 |
Share of renewable energy in TPES, electricity and TFC, 1977-2017 ................ |
108 |
5.2 |
Renewable energy and waste in TPES, 1973-2017 ........................................... |
109 |
5.3 |
Renewable energy and waste in electricity generation, 1990-2017 .................... |
110 |
5.4 |
Auction volumes and prices, 2010-19 ................................................................ |
113 |
5.5Solar PV capacity needed to reach 2022 targets and financial health
|
of DISCOMs by state, July 2018 ........................................................................ |
115 |
5.6 |
Role of solar parks in utility-scale solar PV project development ........................ |
118 |
5.7 |
National biofuels policy, 2018 ............................................................................ |
119 |
6.1 |
Evolution of global energy RD&D public spending by region or country ............. |
136 |
6.2 |
Early-stage venture capital investment in energy technology ............................. |
137 |
7.1 |
Electricity overview – power generation by source, 2017 ................................... |
152 |
7.2 |
Electricity generation by source, 1973-2017....................................................... |
153 |
7.3 |
Electricity generation by state, 2018 .................................................................. |
154 |
7.4 |
Electricity TFC by sector, 1973-2017 ................................................................. |
155 |
7.5 |
Evolution of per capita electricity demand in selected markets, 2007-17 ............ |
156 |
7.6Evolution of per capita electricity demand in India and selected countries, ..............
2008-17 ............................................................................................................. |
156 |
7.7International comparison of populations without energy access,
|
1985-2018 (million people) ................................................................................ |
157 |
7.8 |
Structure of India’s power sector........................................................................ |
158 |
7.9 |
Electricity generation by fuel in G20 countries, 2017.......................................... |
163 |
7.10 |
CO2 emissions intensity of power generation (including co-generation) in India, |
|
|
China, the IEA and the world, 1990-2017........................................................... |
164 |
7.11 |
India’s power dispatch and scheduling............................................................... |
167 |
7.12 |
Trading volumes and prices at the IEX............................................................... |
168 |
7.13 |
Volume of electricity traded................................................................................ |
168 |
7.14 |
Power sector investment, 2010-18..................................................................... |
172 |
7.15 |
Plant load factor of thermal generating stations (hard coal and lignite)............... |
173 |
7.16 |
Performance of India’s DISCOMs ...................................................................... |
175 |
7.17 |
Residential electricity prices in India and selected countries, 2007-15................ |
179 |
7.18 |
Reliability of power generation, 1992-2017 ........................................................ |
181 |
7.19 |
Reliability by region, 2017/18 versus 2016/17) (%) ............................................ |
182 |
7.20 |
Frequency deviation, 1998-2018........................................................................ |
182 |
7.21 |
Annual completion of new transmission lines..................................................... |
185 |
8.1VRE electricity generation by source and by share of total generation,
2001-17 ............................................................................................................. |
196 |
9
TABLE OF CONTENTS
IEA. All rights reserved.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
8.2Electricity generation from VRE sources as a percentage of all generation, India
and IEA member countries, 2017....................................................................... |
197 |
8.3Electricity generation from VRE as a percentage of all generation in VRE-rich
Indian states, 2017/18 ....................................................................................... |
197 |
8.4Key characteristics and challenges in the different phases of system
integration of VRE ............................................................................................. |
198 |
8.5Overview of VRE system integration phases for selected countries and regions,
2017 .................................................................................................................. |
199 |
8.6VRE share of installed capacity and annual generation, top 10 VRE generating
|
states grouped by system integration phase, 2018 ............................................ |
200 |
8.7 |
Integrating large shares of VRE requires system transformation ........................ |
203 |
8.8 |
Structure of the power system operational structure .......................................... |
204 |
8.9Average tariffs awarded to projects in different solar parks under the solar park
|
policy................................................................................................................. |
214 |
8.10 |
End-user electricity prices for different regions, 2015......................................... |
216 |
9.1 |
Role of coal in energy supply and power generation, 1971-2017 ....................... |
229 |
9.2 |
Coal supply by source, 1973-2017..................................................................... |
232 |
9.3 |
India’s coal imports by source, 2007-17............................................................. |
233 |
9.4 |
Coal consumption by sector, 1973-2017............................................................ |
234 |
9.5 |
Transport of bulk commodities by Indian Railways, 2017 ................................... |
238 |
10.1 |
Share of oil in the energy system, 1977-2017 .................................................... |
249 |
10.2 |
Domestic oil production, 2008-18....................................................................... |
251 |
10.3 |
Refinery outputs, 2012-18.................................................................................. |
251 |
10.4 |
Oil consumption by sector, 2007-17................................................................... |
252 |
10.5 |
Oil demand by product, 2008-18........................................................................ |
255 |
10.6 |
Crude oil imports by country, 2013-17 ............................................................... |
256 |
10.7 |
Imports (left) and exports (right) by share of refined oil products, 2018 .............. |
256 |
10.8 |
Gasoline and diesel prices in India and China, 2003-18..................................... |
258 |
11.1 |
Share of natural gas in the energy system, 1977-2017 ...................................... |
272 |
11.2 |
Natural gas supply by source, 1973-2017 .......................................................... |
272 |
11.3 |
Natural gas imports into India by country of origin, 2003-17 ............................... |
273 |
11.4 |
Gas consumption by consuming sector, 1973-2017........................................... |
274 |
11.5 |
Natural gas production by type, 2011-18............................................................ |
275 |
11.6 |
Market reform in the gas sector ......................................................................... |
280 |
11.7 |
Security of supply position of India in the globalising LNG market, 2018 ............ |
282 |
Tables |
|
|
2.1 |
Top-performing profit-making PSUs in India......................................................... |
29 |
2.2Key financial indicators of PSUs vs private companies in the power sector,
|
2017/18 ............................................................................................................... |
|
|
29 |
4.1 |
Energy intensity indicators across cement, steel and aluminium .......................... |
82 |
||
5.1 |
Risks and risk management for renewable investment in India .......................... |
117 |
||
6.1 |
India’s public sector institutional landscape for energy RD&D ............................ |
131 |
||
6.2 |
Clean energy RD&D spending in India (INR crores unless specified)................. |
135 |
||
7.1 |
Evolution of installed capacity by fuel, 2013-18 (MW) ........................................ |
154 |
||
7.2 |
Operating and under-construction nuclear power plants in India ........................ |
165 |
||
7.3. |
Progress on DISCOM losses – UDAY scheme .................................................. |
177 |
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
10 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
IEA. All rights reserved.
|
TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
7.4 |
Consumer average revenue per unit (INR/kwh), 2015/16................................... |
180 |
8.1 |
VRE capacity, generation and percentage share, VRE-rich states, 2018 ........... |
201 |
8.2 |
REMC tools and functions ................................................................................. |
206 |
8.3 |
PSH capacity (≥ 25 MW), 2019.......................................................................... |
217 |
9.1 |
Plants designed to consume imported coal........................................................ |
234 |
10.1 |
Refinery capacity, 2018 ..................................................................................... |
261 |
10.2 |
Strategic petroleum reserves ............................................................................. |
263 |
11.1 |
Projected natural gas production (bcm).............................................................. |
275 |
11.2 |
Operational and under-development LNG terminals .......................................... |
276 |
Boxes |
|
|
3.1 |
Benefits of an integrated energy sector response to sustainable development..... |
47 |
3.2 |
A brief history of environmental laws and courts in India ...................................... |
55 |
6.1 |
Case-study • Public–private innovation partnership in advanced biofuels........... |
138 |
6.2Case-study • Government support for MI Champions fostering clean
|
energy access in rural India ............................................................................... |
140 |
6.3 |
Components of an effective innovation ecosystem............................................. |
141 |
7.1 |
International experience – Nord Pool ................................................................. |
170 |
7.2 |
A government package for stressed assets........................................................ |
174 |
7.3 |
Principles of functioning retail markets............................................................... |
176 |
7.4 |
The 2012 India blackout .................................................................................... |
183 |
7.5 |
Cooling demand ................................................................................................ |
184 |
7.5 |
Monitoring and implementing quality of supply rules .......................................... |
186 |
8.1 |
Power system flexibility in India in 2040............................................................. |
219 |
10.1 |
New policy measures to promote oil and gas E&P activities, 2019..................... |
260 |
10.2 |
The IEA oil stockholding mechanisms................................................................ |
264 |
11.1 |
Gas demand increases in Gujarat...................................................................... |
278 |
11.2 |
International experience – gas reserves............................................................. |
284 |
11
TABLE OF CONTENTS
IEA. All rights reserved.
IEA. All rights reserved.