из электронной библиотеки / 581898971227929.pdf

1) True 2) False 3) Not stated

Jim could not clean his house because he was allergic to dust. 1) True 2) False 3) Not stated

Mrs. Roper did not have enough time to dust the room. 1) True 2) False 3) Not stated

Jim was not happy with Mrs. Roper as a cleaner. 1) True 2) False 3) Notstated

Установите соответствие между заголовками 1 – 8 и текстами A – G. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.

A. It’s strange that the differences in Britain itself are greater than those between Britain and other English-speaking countries. For a Londoner, it’s easier to understand an American than a Cockney.

Cockney has a pronunciation, accent and vocabulary unlike any other dialect. Cockney speech is famous for its rhyming slang. A word is replaced by a phrase or a person’s name which rhymes with it.(8)

B.Other languages absorb English words too, often giving them new forms and meanings. So many Japanese, French, Spanish and Germans mix English words with their mother tongues that the resulting hybrids are called Japlish, Franglais, Spanglish and Denglish, In Japanese, for example, there is a verb Makudonaru, to eat at McDonald’s.(5)

C.Have you ever wondered why the English language has different words for animals and meat? When William the Conqueror invaded England in 1066, French became the official language of the court. The English would look after the animals and cook the meat, still calling the animals pig, sheep and cow. The Normans, when they saw the cooked meat arrive at their table, would use French words – pork, mutton and beef.(6)

D.English is mixing with other languages around the world. It’s probably the biggest borrower.

Words newly coined or in vogue in one language are very often added to English as well. There are words from 120 languages in its vocabulary, including Arabic, French, German, Greek, Italian, Russian, Spanish and Turkish. 70 per cent of the English vocabulary are loan words and only 30 per cent of the words are native. (3)

E.Have you ever wondered how many people speak English? It’s around 400 million people. Geographically, English is the most wide-spread language on earth, and it’s second only to Chinese in the number of people who speak it. It’s spoken in the British Isles, the USA, Australia, New

Zealand and much of Canada and South Africa. English is also a second language of another 300 million people living in more than 60 countries.(1)

F.In Shakespeare’s time only a few million people spoke English. All of them lived in what is now Great Britain. Through the centuries, as a result of various historical events, English spread throughout the world. There were only 30,000 words in Old English. Modern English has the largest vocabulary in the world – more than 600,000 words.(2)

G.In the English language blackboards can be green or white, and blackberries are green and then red before they are ripe. There is no egg in eggplant, neither mush nor room in mushroom, neither pine nor apple in pineapple, no ham in hamburger. Why is it that a king rules a kingdom but a queen doesn’t rule a queendom? If the plural of tooth is teeth, shouldn’t the plural of booth be beeth? And in what other language can your nose run? (4)

Прочитайте приведённый ниже текст. Образуйте от слов, напечатанных заглавными буквами в конце строк, однокоренные слова так, чтобы они грамматически и

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лексически соответствовали содержанию текста. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы

UK: Conservation and Environment

Going for a walk is the most popular leisure activity in Britain.

Despite its high _population_________________ density and widespread urbanization, the UK has many unspoilt rural and coastal areas. POPULATE

Twelve National Parks are freely accessible to the public and were created to conserve the _natural_________________ beauty, wildlife and cultural heritage they contain.

NATURE

Most of the land in National Parks is privately owned, but administered by an independent National Park Authority which works to balance the expectations of _visiting_________________

with the need to conserve these open spaces for future generations.

VISIT

The UK also works to improve the global environment and has taken global warming _serious_________________ ever since scientists discovered the hole in the ozone layer.

SERIOUS

In 1997, the UK subscribed to the Kyoto Protocol binding developed countries to reduce emissions of the six main greenhouse gases. The Protocol declares environmental _science_________________.

Nowadays British _science_________________ are taking part in one of the largest international projects that is undertaken to protect endangeredspecies.

SCIENCE

Прочитайте текст с пропусками, обозначенными номерами Эти номера соответствуют заданиям в которых представлены возможные варианты ответов. Обведите номер выбранного Вами варианта ответа.

Amos

It wasn’t unusual for Amos to go to Deravenels on Saturday, even though

the offices were closed over the weekend. He ______ to go to tidy up his paperwork and do other small jobs he couldn’t attend to during the week. But on this Saturday morning he had a specific purpose when he arrived at

the grand old building on the Strand. The uniformed doorman______ Amos close his umbrella and take off his raincoat. Then he touched his cap and said,

“Good morning, Mr. Finnister”.

Amos had come to the office to ______ a few telephone calls. His first

call was to the Royal London Hospital, Whitechapel, where he quickly discovered the records office was not open on weekends. He then dialed Ravenscar and was put through to Edward Deravenel.

“Good morning, Amos,” Edward said. “I’m assuming you have some news

for me.” Amos then relayed all the information he had gathered the night before. “Well done, Amos!” Edward exclaimed. “Thank you for going into all this

______ . I knew I could depend ______ you. My wife will be happy as

I am to know everything; it’s been such a mystery all these years. To ______

the truth, I think that Grace Rose should also know what happened to her mother.

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It will finally put her mind at rest.”

“I agree, sir. I will telephone you on Monday”. Amos walked home, ______

Выполните реферирование текстов, используя следующие выражения:

Речевые клише, используемые для краткого изложения прочитанного текста (резюме)

I.1The title of the text

2.It is called, named

3.The text, Article is written by

4.The text, Article is taken from the book The author of the article is

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admits that

states that explaines indicates that describes notes

III.Переход к изложению следующей части статьи

1.Then follows a discussion on

2.Next the author goes on to the problem of

3.Next paragraph deals with

4.Further the author tries to determine / to indicate/to explain

5.It must be emphasized

6.It should be noted that

7.It is evident that

8.It is interesting that

9.It is interesting to note

10.It is worth mentioning

11.It is clear from the text (article)

12.By the way the text (article) also looks at the problem of

13.Among other things the text raises the issue of

14.One of the main points to be singled out is

15.After discussing … the author turns to…

16.In this regard

IV.Конец изложения статьи:

1.Finally the author emphasizes

2.The author comes to the conclusion that

3.To sum up

4.in general

5.in particular

6.It is common knowledge

7.In conclusion the article reads

V.Оценка статьи

1.In my opinion (to my mind)

2.I think, I suppose, I believe

3.In this connection, I’d like to say

4.I find the question of … very important because

5.We should not forget that

6.The paper (article)

is interesting not interesting of importance

of little importance valuable invaluable

up – to - date out – ofdate useful useless

ЧАСТЬ II

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ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНО-ОРИЕНТИРОВАННЫЕ ТЕКСТЫ ДЛЯ ЧТЕНИЯ, РЕФЕРИРОВАНИЯ И ЛИТЕРАТУРНОГО ПЕРЕВОДА

ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY

VOCABULARY NOTES AND DRILLS

THEATRE, DRAMA, COMPANY, TROUP

Theatre, drama

It should be stressed right from the beginning that the English word theatre is more restricted in application than the Russian театр. In general it refers only to drama, and does not include opera and ballet. The following short conversation illustrates the confusion which may arise from using theatre in a Russian sense:

T a n y a: I’m going to the theatre tonight.

A n n e: Oh, yes? What are you going to see?

T a n y a: “Giselle”

A n n e: Oh. … I didn’t know it was a play as well as a ballet.

T a n y a: It isn’t. At least I don’t think so. It’s the ballet I’m going to see.

A n n e: I’m sorry. I didn’t understand. You said you were going to the theatre, so I thought it must be a play.

In this situation Tanya should have said:

I’m going to the ballet tonight.

Since theatre refers only to drama, we do not say drama theatre. Драматический театр is translated simply as theatre. Theatre may be used in contrast to other types of entertainment.

e.g. – Do you like opera and ballet?

– Not very much. I prefer the theatre. Theatre has following uses:

1) dramatic art, drama, play;

a.I’m very interested in the theatre.

b.He’s written several books on the Elizabethan theatre.

c.She has devoted her life to the theatre.

d.It’s interesting but it’s not good theatre.

(Meaning it’s not dramatically effective on the stage. N O T E: no article.)

2) a building where plays are performed;

a.There are many theatres in Moscow.

b.A new theatre is being built in the city center.

c.I’ll see you outside the theatre at a quarter past seven.

In this second sense, theatre is sometimes used also with reference to other forms of entertainment, for example, opera and ballet, although only when it is already clear from the context what form of entertainment is meant. For example, sentence (c) above could refer to opera or ballet, since the speaker and the person addressed already know what type of entertainment they are going to, and there is therefore no risk of misunderstanding.

In some cases the two senses merge. For example, in I’m going to the theatre tonight, theatre means first of all drama, a play (Cf.: I’m going to the opera/ballet/cinema), but the idea of the building where the play is to be performed is also present.

Note that go is more widely used than visit in this type of sentence. Visit is mainly confined to formal style, particularly in writing. Even in formal style, however, the verb visit is comparatively rare, although as a noun it occurs fairly often.

e.g. A Visit to the Theatre (title of a composition, or chapter in a textbook)

In some cases the use of the verb visit with theatre may suggest an interest in the building rather than what is performed there.

A theatre party means a group of people going to the theatre together. e.g. David’s organizing/arranging a theatre party.

Drama is almost but not quite synonymous with theatre. For example, in sentences 1 (a) and (b) above, drama could be used instead of the theatre.

a.I’m very interested in drama.

b.He’s written several books on Elizabethan drama.

In sentences (c) and (d), however, drama is unlikely to occur. Even in sentences where either is possible, there may be a slight difference of emphasis. Drama tends to imply a more theoretical, academic, or professional approach, whereas theatre is generally more closely connected with the actual performance on the stage.

Drama is used in the following expressions:

Drama school

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Theatre school occurs to, but much less often. The words drama, dramatic also appear in the names of the most well-know drama schools in Britain:

The Royal Academy of Dramatic Art often called RADA

The Central School of Speech and Drama

Drama student - student of drama

Drama class/course/club Drama critic

However, theatre critic is equally common.

Drama is also used as a countable noun meaning a serious play.

e.g. The Contractor, drama in two acts by David Storey. (David Storey is a well-known modern English writer, author of the novel “This Sporting Life” and several successful plays.)

Theatre, company, troupe

Sometimes theatre denotes both the building and the actors, directors, etc. who work there, by extension.

a.There are a lot of good theatres in Moscow.

b.The Gorky Theatre is considered by many people to be the best in Leningrad.

In cases where a theatre building is the home of a permanent company, such usage is natural. In Britain, however, this is not always so and English people therefore tend to distinguish between the theatre (meaning the building) and the company (meaning the actors, directors, etc.). For example, on the cover of a Royal Shakespeare Theatre programme for Hamlet we see:

“Of the RSC’s two theatres, the parent is the Royal Shakespeare Theatre, which was called the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre from 1879, when it was founded, to 1961. … it was gutted by fire in 1926, to be replaced six year later by the present building.”

Troupe [tru:p] has the same meaning as company but is seldom used in connection with the modern theatre.

In order to understand properly the distinction between theatre and company, and the meaning of several words connected with the theatre, it is necessary to know something about the way in which the theatre is organized in Britain, especially the system of subsidized and commercial theatres.

EXERCISES

1. Give your associations with the word “Theatre”.

Theatre

2. Give your associations with the word “Theatre”.

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Troupe, House full, Encore, Artist, T…, R…, E…

3. Choose the definition for the following words: drama and theatre.

4.Fill in the gaps with the appropriate words (drama or theatre).

a.- Do you like opera and ballet?

- Not very much. I prefer the ______.

b.I’m very interested in Elizabethan ______.

c.Our daughter attends the school’s ______ club. She is going to devote her life to ______.

d.There are many ______ in Moscow.

e. Our professor has written a good book on Elizabethan ______.

f.The job of a _____ critic is difficult but amazing. A ______ critic sees the most interesting performances that are on at the ______.

g.I’ll see you outside the ______ at a quarter past seven.

h.It’s interesting but it is not good ______.

i.David is arranging a ______ party.

j.Ann devoted her life to ______.

k.He always wanted to be a ______ student but his parents didn’t approve of his dream to work at the ______.

l.A lot of ______ are staged nowadays in various Moscow ______.

m.A ______ party is a group of people going to see ______, comedies, etc. together.

5. Find the correct words for:

1)a building for the performance of plays;

2)a dramatic composition with music in which the words are sung;

3)a man who acts on the stage or for cinema films;

4)a well-known modern composer, the author of rock operas;

5)a group of people trained to sing together;

6)the main character of one of Shakespeare’s plays;

8) a person who performs music for the love of it, not for money.

6. Read the following utterances. In what meaning is the word “theatre” used there? Do you personally agree or disagree with the statements?

A boy of 14: You ask me if I love theatre. Oh no, I am not interested in it at all. Theatre is our past and now is a time of television and video. I think that teenagers don’t like to visit theatres.

A girl of 15: What do I think of theatre? I can’t say that I am a theatre-goer; but sometimes when I have free time and no idea how to spend it, I go to the theatre with my friends, but only to our musical theatre, as I am sure that theatre exists for our amusement and entertainment. When I am at the theatre I don’t want to think much, I only want to rest, to laugh and enjoy myself.

A girl of 14: I love theatre very much, and my friends consider me to be a theatre-fan. I am fond of seeing comedies, dramas and even tragedies; but I also watch ballets and listen to operas occasionally. They are difficult for me. I understand that this is bad, but in our town there is no opera-house and children are not taught to understand this art. It’s a pity.

A boy of 15: My thoughts about theatre? Well, I think that this kind of art is dying now, because nobody is interested in the fact that young people don’t like it. Though in our town there are some theatres, it is difficult for teenagers or youth to see a play. Such plays are not staged in our theatres. This is bad. That’s why theatres are visited mostly by grown-ups and old people. I think that something should be done to change the situation. Each town should have a children’s theatre.

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SUBSIDIZED AND COMMERCIAL THEATRES (IN BRITAIN)

Theatres in Britain are of two types: subsidized and commercial.

Subsidized theatre

Subsidized theatres are publicly owned, and supported from public funds by a subsidy from the Arts Council and/or the local authority. They have a permanent company of directors, actors, designers, etc., and each season stage several productions, which are presented in repertory. The most well-known are:

The National Theatre (in the sense of the building) is a whole complex consisting of three theatres of varying size and design, situated on the south bank of the Thames beside Waterloo Bridge. The theatres are:

The Olivier Theatre, the largest (1160 seats), named after Laurence Olivier, a famous actor and first director of the National Theatre, 1962 – 1973.

The Lyttleton Theatre, a medium-sized theatre (890seats), named after Oliver Lyttleton, first president of the National Theatre Council.

The Cottesloe Theatre, a very small theatre with movable seats or experimental productions, named after the president of the South Bank Council, which was in charge of the whole project.

The National Theatre was opened in March 1976, although at first performances took place only in the Lyttleton Theatre. Now all three are in use. From 1963, when the National Theatre company was founded, until the new buildings were opened, the company performed at the Old Vic, a

Victorian theatre formerly called the Royal Victoria Theatre, near Waterloo Bridge. The old Vic had its own company, the Old Vic Company, until 1963, when it merged with a company from the Chichester Theatre Festival under Laurence Olivier, to become the National Theatre company.

Most provincial towns of a certain size have a subsidized theatre. Among the better-known are:

Civic theatre is often used of those theatres which are built and supported by a city.

Regional theatre denotes a theatre (or theatres collectively) outside London. It is generally preferred to provincial, which often has a pejorative connotation, suggesting second-rate.

Commercial theatre

Commercial theatres are those which receive no subsidy and are therefore run on a commercial basis. This means that they have to cover all their costs from the sale of tickets, besides which they hope to make a profit. A commercial theatre is simply a building, with no resident company. It is privately owned, and run by a manager, who arranges with a director to stage a particular production. The director then arranges auditions (пробы, прослушивания), which any actors who are free may attend, casts the play, rehearses it, and then the production opens. Since only one production is put on at a time, it does not alternate with others, as in the subsidized theatre, but is presented every evening, sometimes twice, as long as enough tickets are sold to make commercially profitable. When the income from the sale of tickets falls below a certain level, the play is taken off, and the theatre manager arranges for another production to be staged, usually by a different director, who chooses mainly different actors.

Most of the London theatres (over 30) are of this type. Since they are nearly all situated in the West End (i.e. the western part of the centre), this name is sometimes used to denote the London commercial theatres collectively.

e.g. “Oliver” had a long and successful run in the West End.

Run is used both as a verb and as a noun with reference to the system practiced in the commercial theatre, whereby, one production is presented every evening as a long as it is financially worthwhile.

Here are some more examples:

a.There are several musicals running in London at the moment.

b.The play ran for two years.

c.“The Mousetrap”, by Agatha Christie, has been running for over 20 years. This is claimed to be the world’s longest-ever run.

In the case of long runs, the cast may be changed.

Note that although commercial theatres are privately owned, we do not call them private theatres. A private theatre is one which is not open to the public, for example, in someone’s house, or in a palace.

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EXERCISES

1.Discuss the difference between subsidized and commercial theatres with your friend.

2.Is there such a phenomenon in Russia? How does the system function in this country?

3.Render the text on subsidized and commercial theatres in Britain. Learn it by heart.

REPERTORY, REPERTOIRE, CAST

Repertory, repertoire

These are two variants of the same word, the second borrowed from French without change of form. Their meanings are basically the same, that is, in connection with the theatre, the stock of productions which a company is able to present at a given time (репертуар).

In many cases they may be used interchangeably.

a.The company has a large and varied repertoire/ repertory.

b.Their repertoire/repertory includes both classics and modern plays.

c.The company has added several new productions to its repertoire/repertory.

d.I’ve seen everything in their repertoire/repertory.

Although repertoire seems to be more common than repertory in such sentences, the choice of one or the other is a matter of individual style.

In repertoire/repertory means “in rotation, in turn, alternating with other productions”. For example, subsidized theatre stages each season several productions, which are presented in repertory. This system is contrasted with the systems of runs characteristic of the commercial theatre.

Here repertory seems to be more common than repertoire.

In repertory (but not repertoire) may also mean “mean in a repertory company” (see below).

A repertory company/theatre is a company/theatre run according to the repertory system, at least in theory. A large number of such theatres were established in London and the provinces at the beginning of the century and by the 1930’s there were over a hundred. By the beginning of the 1969’s, however, the number of repertory theatres outside London had been reduced to around forty. THE DICTIONARY OF THE THEATRE says of them:

“The essential of a repertory company, strictly speaking, is that it should have several productions - a repertory of productions in fact - ready at the same time, so that the play presented can change from night to night. This ideal has rarely been realized in practice, except in a number of London companies… The term is more usually used to denote companies which play each production for only a limited period - generally two or three weeks-and have a certain continuity of acting personnel from one production to the other. This is the case with most of the provincial repertory companies …”

Not all the repertory theatres contain the word repertory in their name. Birmingham Repertory Theatre does, for example, but others do not.

e.g. The Belgrade Theatre, Coventry

The Glasgow Citizens’ Theatre

As a general term, repertory company/theatre is less common now than when these companies were numerous and successful, before the Second World War. New theatres in the provinces are usually called civic theatres or regional theatres.

Repertory with reference to a repertory company/theatre is often abbreviated to rep. e.g. a. I saw at Birmingham Rep.

b. (Speaking of an actor) He began his career in rep.

Cast

This word should be carefully distinguished from company. It means the group of actors appearing in a particular performance (состав, действующие лица).

e.g. a. There are some very famous actors in the cast tonight.

b.I saw that production, but with a different cast.

c.–“The Mousetrap” has been running for over 20 years.

–What? With the same cast?

–Oh no. They’ve changed the cast several times.

Cast list is used to mean the list of actors taking part. In Britain this may be printed in the programme, or on a separate sheet, which is free, for example, in some subsidized theatres.

Cast may also be used as a verb, meaning to choose actors for the parts, and casting to mean the choice. e.g. a. They’re casting (for) “Macbeth” next week.

b.Paul Scofield was cast for the part of Macbeth.

c.The play is well cast.

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d. Judi Dench is well cast in the part of Catherine (in “The Taming of the Shrew”). (Judi Dench is a wellknown English actress who has appeared in many productions of Shakespeare, mainly with the Royal Shakespeare Company.)

e. Casting is a very important in any production.

MEMBERS OF A COMPANY AND THEIR WORK

Director, Producer, Manager and Related Words

The usage of director, producer and manager in Britain has gradually changed over the last twenty to thirty years, mainly under American influence, and is not yet fixed, so that it is difficult to form a clear picture. The following units present the main tendencies as clearly and simply as possible. However, readers should bear in mind that in practice there are many inconsistencies and variations.

Director

This is the usual title in modern English for the person who heads a company. Besides staging plays, i.e. casting, rehearsing the actors in their roles, ordering movement on the stage (придумывает мизансцены), etc. He is responsible for the artistic policy and administration of the company. Large companies generally have two or three directors. For example, the Royal Shakespeare Company has three, of which one, called the managing director, is the most important. The National Theatre also has three, the most important called simply the director, and the others associate directors. Some companies have two directors differing according to their function rather than according to their relative importance: an artistic director and an administrative director.

What has been said above naturally refers to the subsidized theatre. In the commercial theatre there is no company, and the director is therefore simply the person engaged to stage a particular production.

This use of director comes from America, and is comparatively recent in British English. It has replaced the traditional British producer.

Producer

This word was used until fairly recently in Britain to denote the person who stages, or produces a play, as described in previous unit, and some English people continue to use it in this sense. On the whole, however, this idea is now expressed by director, and producer, if used at all, tends to have its American meaning: the person responsible for the financial side of a production or company.

Manager

This word is defined in THE DICTIONARY OF THE THEATRE as follows:

“ The person responsible for the whole financial side of a theatrical production: he chooses the play, arranges for the hire of a theatre if he does not own one, and engages directors, actors, etc., as well as controlling the takings.”

This is clearly the same meaning as the American meaning of producer given above. In spite of American influence, manager continues to be widely used in Britain.

The definition from THE DICTIONARY OF THE THEATRE evidently applies to the commercial theatre, where there are no permanent companies. In the subsidized theatre a manager of this type is not necessary. Here, however, there are managers with purely administrative responsibilities. For example, the Royal Shakespeare Company has a general manager, and there is a manager for each of their theatres: a Stratford manager and a London manger.

Manager is also used of various people with specific administrative functions, such as: Box-office manager: the manager in charge of the sale of tickets.

House manager: the person in charge of the house or auditorium.

Stage manager: the person who supervises the arrangement of scenery and props on the stage. Management is often used as a collective term for those running the theatre (дирекция).

e.g. The management announced that the theatre would be closed for repairs and redecorations until October 1st.

In view of the complications arising from changes and variations in the usage of director, producer and manager, the following table may make the position clearer:

Before leaving the subject of directors, producers and managers, let us consider the usage of the verbs direct, and produce, from which they are derived, and the nouns production, performance, and show.

Direct, produce

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