Ex.2. Give Ukrainian equivalents for the following words and phrases.

Payment on behalf of the individual to the government - Оплата від імені фізичної особи уряду;

to carry out many functions - виконувати багато функцій;

to use different kinds of taxes - використовувати різні види податків;

to vary tax rates - змінювати ставки податку;

to fund welfare and public services - фінансувати добробут та державні послуги;

to distribute the tax burden - розподілити податковий тягар;

to redistribute resources - перерозподіляти ресурси;

to support the poor, the disabled and the retired - підтримувати бідних, інвалідів та пенсіонерів;

to influence the microeconomic performance - впливати на мікроекономічні показники;

patterns of consumption or employment - структури споживання або зайнятості;

to raise money - збирати гроші;

a consequential effect of taxes - наслідком дії податків;

“no taxation without representation” - "Відсутність оподаткування без представництва";

to generate a high degree of accountability and governance - формувати високий ступінь підзвітності та управління;

to dispute over the level of equity - суперечки щодо рівня власного капіталу;

tax loopholes - податкові лазівки;

the amount of the withheld tax - сума утриманого податку;

to impose the same percentage of taxation on everyone - накласти однаковий відсоток оподаткування для всіх.

Ex.3. Give three forms of the following verbs. Find the sentences with these verbs in the text.

Write, say, pay, operate, provide, carry out, vary, do, spend, show, meet, see, understand, withhold, impose, mean, go up.

Infinitive	Past	Past participle	Перевод
do	did	done	делать
go	went	gone	идти
mean	meant	meant	иметь в виду
meet	met	met	встречать; знакомиться
pay	paid	paid	платить
say	said	said	сказать
see	saw	seen	видеть
show	showed	shown	показывать
spend	spent	spent	проводить (время)
understand	understood	understood	понимать
write	wrote	written	писать

1. Benjamin Franklin once wrote, “In this world nothing can be said to be certain except death and taxes”. 

 Tax laws should be written in an intelligible manner so that both the taxpayer and the tax collector can understand them. 

2. Benjamin Franklin once wrote , “In this world nothing can be said to be certain except death and taxes”.

3. Taxes are used to pay for all government services.

Тhough it is not an easy task, people are more willing to pay their taxes if they understand them. 

4. Taxes are used to pay for all government services. Without taxes, the government would have no money to operate. 

5. Funds provided by taxation have been used by governments throughout history to carry out many functions.  

First, many government services provide the greatest benefit to those who can least afford to pay for them (i.e. welfare). 

6. Funds provide d by taxation have been used by governments throughout history to carry out many functions. 

7. Governments use different kinds of taxes and vary the tax rates. 

8. In addition, taxes are applied to influence the macroeconomic performance of the economy (the government's strategy for doing this is called its fiscal policy), or to modify patterns of consumption or employment within an economy by making some classes of transaction more or less attractive. 

This means that if a person's income goes up, the percentage of total income paid in taxes does not change. 

9. The main purpose is revenue : taxes raise money to spend on armies, roads, schools and hospitals, and on more indirect government functions like market regulation or legal systems.

 This type of tax recognizes that societies are not always able to measure the benefits derived from government spending. 

10. Several studies have shown that direct taxation (such as the income tax) generates the greatest degree of accountability and better governance, while indirect taxation tends to have smaller effects. 

11. Just about every taxpayer complains about the high rate of taxes, yet if one were asked whether they would trade the tax for the removal of service, they would rather pay the tax. In order for taxes to be acceptable, however, they must meet certain criteria.

12. Many also argue over the equity of tax loopholes seeing that they allow some people to get out of paying certain taxes. 

13. Tax laws should be written in an intelligible manner so that both the taxpayer and the tax collector can understand them. Though it is not an easy task, people are more willing to pay their taxes if they understand them. 

14. An employer withholds a portion of each employee's pay and then sends a single check to the government on a regular basis. At the end of the year the employer notifies each employee of the amount of tax withheld. 

15. A proportional tax imposes the same percentage of taxation on everyone, regardless of income. 

The second tax, the progressive tax , imposes a higher percentage rate of taxation on people with higher incomes.

The final tax is the regressive tax , which imposes a higher percentage rate of taxation on low incomes than on high incomes. 

16. Normally, this means transferring wealth from the richer sections of society to poorer sections. 

This mean s that if a person's income goes up , the percentage of total income paid in taxes do as not change. 

17. This mean s that if a person's income goes up , the percentage of total income paid in taxes do as not change. 

Therefore, the percentage of income paid in taxes increases as income goes up .