Index

AAA Rules (American

traders, between

7–8

Arbitration Association)

135

World Trade

Abuse of a dominant

Organisation

17–23

position

27

Agriculture, Agreement on

18

Academic writings

7

Air

ACCC (Australian Competition

See Carriage of goods by air

and Consumer

Air cargo insurance

97–98

Commission)

38, 52

Air consignment notes

94

ACDC (Australian

Air waybills

95

Commercial Dispute

ALRC (Australian Law

Centre)

138

Reform Commission)

92–93

ACICA (Australian Centre

Alternative dispute

for International

resolution

73

Commercial Arbitration)

138

Amber line

100

Acquisitions

51–53

American Arbitration

ADR (Alternative

Association Rules

135

dispute resolution)

73

ANCOM

32

Affreightment, contracts of

86–88

Andean Pact

32

AFTA Agreement

32

Anti-competitive behaviour

26, 57

Agency

60–61

Anti-dumping

agents

Anti-Dumping Agreement

53

personal liability of

61

procedure for taking

role of

60

anti-dumping action

54–56

agreements

60

APEC (Asia Pacific

Convention on Agency

Economic

in the International

Community)

30–31

Sale of Goods

61

Appeals

138–39, 141

UNIDROIT

61

AQIS (Australian

Vienna Convention

61

Quarantine

Agreements

Inspection Service)

88

See also GATT

Arbitration

73, 133–39

AFTA Agreement

32

ad hoc

133

agency

60

American Arbitration

Anti-Dumping

Association Rules

135

Agreement

53

appeals

138–39

distribution

62–63

applicable law

136

Marrakesh Agreement

17–23

Australian Centre

states, between

4–5

for International

Commercial Arbitration

138

Australian Commercial

Asia Pacific Economic

Dispute Centre

138

Community (APEC)

30–31

awards, enforcement of

139

Association of Southeast

constitution of

Asian Nations

arbitral tribunal

133

(ASEAN)

31–32

European Convention

ATA carnets

100–01

on the Mutual

Auctions

149

Recognition of

Australia and New Zealand

Judgments

139

Closer Economic

Fast and Low Cost

Relations Trade

Arbitration Rules

136

Agreement (CER)

32–34

Geneva Protocol on

Australian Centre for

Arbitration

International Commercial

Clauses 1923

139

Arbitration (ACICA)

138

Institute of

Australian Commercial

Arbitrators Australia

138

Dispute Centre (ACDC)

138

International Arbitration

Australian Competition and

Act 1974

137

Consumer

International Bar

Commission (ACCC)

38, 52

Association Rules

135

Australian Law Reform

International Chamber

Commission (ALRC)

92–93

of Commerce Rules

134

Australian Quarantine

London Court of

Inspection Service (AQIS)

88

International Arbitration

Autonomy of parties

7, 71

Rules

135

London Maritime

Bareboat charterparties

87

Arbitrators’

Barriers to trade

19

Association Rules

136

Barter

72, 112–14

London Maritime

Battle of the forms

69

Arbitrators’

Berne Convention for the

Association Terms

136

Protection of Literary

New York

and Artistic Works

21, 22

Convention 1958

139, 141

Bills of exchange

73, 103–05

procedure, rules

Bills of Exchange

governing

133

Act 1909

104

small claims procedure

136

draft

103

Sydney Maritime

drawees

103

Arbitration Rules

drawers

103

and Terms

138

foreign

104

UNCITRAL

holders in

Model Law

136–37, 138

due course

104

UNCITRAL Rules

133, 134

inland

104

Article 85

26, 56

maturity date

104

Article 86

27, 56

sight

103

ASEAN (Association of

time

103

Southeast Asian Nations)

31–32

Uniform Law

on Cheques

105

Uniform Rules

Hague Protocol

95

for Collection

105

International Air

Bills of lading

84–86

Transport Association

97

charterparty

85

international carriage,

claused

85

definition of

95

clean

85

Montreal Protocols

95

Comite Maritime

SDRs

95

International

150

Warsaw Convention

94–95

container

86

Carriage of goods

electronic

72

by land

98–99

house

86

Carriage of goods by sea

81–94

INCOTERMS

150

bills of lading

84–86

Intertanko

150

Carriage of Goods By

Rules for Electronic

Sea Act 1991

83, 84

Bills of Lading

150

charterparties

85, 86–88

Seadocs

150

contracts of

through

86

affreightment

86–88

Blocs

25–35

documentation

84–86

Boycotts

41–42

freight

93–94

primary

41

Hague Rules

70, 82

secondary

41

Hague Visby Rules

70, 82

Branch offices

63–64

IMDG Code

88–89

Breach of sales contracts,

letters of indemnity

85

liability or

116–19

liner conferences

93–94

Brussels Convention on

marine insurance

89–93

Jurisdiction and

mate’s receipt

85

Enforcement of

packing

88–89

Judgments in Civil

SDRs

84

and Commercial Matters

27

SOLAS

89

Cartels

39

C group

80

Causation

54

C & F (Cost and Freight)

80

CER (Australia New Zealand

Cairns Group

34

Closer Economic Relations

Cargo Management

Trade Agreement)

32–34

Re-engineering project

101

Charterparties

86–88

Caribbean Community

bills of lading

85

(CARICOM)

34

demise

87

Carnets

100–01

demurrage

86

Carriage of goods by air

GENCON

86

air cargo insurance

97–98

laytime

86

air consignment notes

94

sub-charters

87

air waybills

95

time

86–87

Civil Aviation

voyage

87

(Carrier’s Liability)

Chicago School

37

Act 1959

95

Choice of law

27

contracts

94–98

CIF (Cost, Insurance,

Guadalajara Convention

95

Freight)

79, 80–81

supply

credit transfers

73

conditional

47–48

cross-border

refusal to

46

insolvency

73

Trade Measures

currency

111–12

Review Officer

56

customs

100–01

Trade Practices

designs

66

Act 1974

38–39, 41–43,

distribution

49–50

agreements

62–63

Trade Practices

electronic commerce

72, 147–49

(Misuse of Trans-

electronic funds

Tasman Market Power)

transfers

73

Act 1990

56

franchising

66–67

Treaty of Rome

56

governing law

69–70

United States

57

guarantees

73

World Trade

Hague Rules

70, 82

Organisation

57

Hague Visby Rules

70, 82

Competition School

37

international

Concerted unilateralism

30

payments

73

Conciliation

73, 132–33

joint ventures

64

Conditional supply

47–48

lex mercatoria

70

Conspiracy

39

licensing

64

Constitution

8, 23

litigation,

Construction

72

provisions for

140

Consultation

127

multimodal

99–100

Container bills of lading

86

negotiation

68

Contracts

59–121

New York Convention

affreightment, of

86–88

on the Limitation

agency arrangements

60

Period in International

alternative dispute

Sale of Goods

72

resolution

73

passing of property

102–09

bills of exchange

63

patents

64

branch offices

63–64

payments

breach of,

international

73

liability for

116–19

risk, managing

109–11

carriage of goods

product liability

119–21

by air

94–98

public procurement

72

carriage of goods

Rome Convention on

by land

98

the Law Applicable

carriage of goods

to Contractual

by sea

72, 81–94

Obligations

27

choice of law

27

standard terms

circuit layouts

66

and conditions

63–64

complete, negotiating

68

stand-by letters

construction

72

of credit

73

copyright

65

subsidiaries

63–64

countertrade

112–14

taxation

114–16

trademarks

65

D group

80

trade terms

78–81

Damages

117, 119

transport

72

Dangerous goods

88–89

UN Convention on

DDP (Delivered

the Carriage of

Duty Paid)

80

Goods by Sea

72

DDU (Delivered

UN Convention on the

Duty Unpaid)

80

Liability of Operators

Deadweight

86

of Transport

Defective products

119–21

Terminals

72

Definition of

UNCITRAL

69, 71, 72

international trade

3

UNIDROIT

70–71

Delivered Duty

Vienna Convention

69, 71, 72,

Paid (DDP)

80

74–78

Delivered Duty

Conventions

Unpaid (DDU)

80

See Treaties and conventions

Delivered Ex

Copyright

21, 65

Quay (DEQ)

80

Corporate veil, piercing the

64

Delivered Ex Ship (DES)

80

Cost and Freight (C&F)

80

Demise charterparties

87

Cost, insurance,

Demurrage

86

freight (CIF)

79, 80–81

Department of Foreign

COTIF (International

Affairs and Trade

127, 128, 130

Carriage by Rail

DEQ (Delivered

Convention)

98

Ex Quay)

80

Council for Trade

DES (Delivered

in Services

20

Ex Ship)

89

Council for TRIPS

21

Designs

66

Counterfeiting

21–23

Determined manufactured

Countertrade

72, 112–14

raw materials

33

Countervailing measures,

Discrimination in prices

45

agreement on

19

Dispute settlement

123–42

Credit transfers

73

alternative

73

Currency

111–12

arbitration

133–39

Customs

100–01

conciliation

132–33

Customs Act 1901

100

consultation

126

Customs Co-operation

Department of Foreign

Council

100

Affairs and

Customs Legislation

Trade

127, 128, 130

Amendment and

Dispute Settlement

Repeal (International

Body

125, 127

Trade Modernisation)

Foreign State

Bill 2001

101

Immunities

Customs Tariff Act 1995

100

Act 1985

129

GATT

123, 124–25

Electronic commerce

72, 73, 143–52

ICC Conciliation

auctions

149

Rules

132

Australian initiatives

145–46

International Court

authentication

144

of Justice

129, 130

bills of lading

72, 149–51

litigation

139–42

contracts

72, 147–49

mediation

132–33

effect of

143

OEEC

124

Electronic Transactions

private traders and

129–32

Act 1999

145–46

sovereign immunity

129

Electric Transactions

state parties and

Regulations 2000

146

private traders,

email

143

between

129–30

encryption

144

UN Security Council

130

foreign laws,

UNCITRAL Conciliation

exposure to

146–47

Rules

132

integrity

144

Uruguay Round

125

international

World Trade

initiatives

145

Organisation

23, 125–29

non-repudiation

144

Distribution agreements

62–63

payments

151–52

distributors

62

smart cards

152

exclusive rights

62

stored value cards

152

reciprocity

62

SWIFT

150

sole

62

trade communications

143–45

DMRMs (determined

Trade Practices

manufactured

Act 1974

147

raw materials)

33

UNCITRAL Model Law

145

Documentation

84–86

Uniform Customs and

Dominant commercial

Practice on

organisations

8–9

Documentary Credits

151

Dominant position

27

web site auctions

149

Double insurance

89

World Trade

DSU (Dispute Settlement

Organisation

149

Understanding)

23

Electronic data

Dumping

interchange

72

See also Anti-dumping

13, 53

Electronic funds transfer

73

Electronic mail

143

E group

80

Email

143

Economic Community of

Encryption

144

West African

European Community

25, 56

States (ECOWAS)

9

European Convention on

Electronic bills

the Mutual Recognition

of lading

72, 149–51

of Judgments

139

European Court of Justice

26

prepaid

93

European Union

9, 25–27,

Trade Practices

56–57, 139

Act 1974

93

Ex works (EXW)

80

Frustration

119

Exclusive dealing

46

Exclusive distribution

GAFTA (Grains and Feed

agreements

62

Trade Association)

69

Export

13

GATS (General Agreement

Export Finance Insurance

on Trade in Services)

20

Corporation

109

GATT

15

EXW (Ex Works)

80

dispute settlement

123, 124–25

negotiations

F group

80

1947–94

15

FALCA Rules (Fast and

role of

14–15

Low Cost Arbitration)

136

Uruguay Round

15, 16, 17, 125

FAS (Free Alongside Ship)

80

World Trade

Fast and Low Cost

Organisation

14–17

Arbitration Rules

GENCON

86

(FALCA)

136

General Agreement on

FCA (Free Carrier)

80

Tariffs and Trade

Floating policies

90

See GATT

FOB (Free on Board)

79, 80, 81

General Agreement on

Force majeure

78, 110

Trade in Services (GATS)

20

Foreign Judgments

General average

91

Act 1991

142

Generally recognised

Foreign State Immunities

principles of law

6–7

Act 1985

129

Geneva Protocol on

Forward foreign

Arbitration Clauses 1923

139

exchange transactions

112

Good faith, duty of

6–7, 89

Franchising

66–67

Goods and Services Tax

116

code of practice

67

Governing law

69–70

franchisees

67

Green line

100

franchisors

67

Guadalajara Convention

95

trademarks

66

Guarantees

73

UNIDROIT Guide to

International Master

Hague Protocol

95

Franchise Arrangements

67

Hague Rules

70, 82,

Free Alongside Ship (FAS)

80

Hague Visby Rules

70, 82

Free Carrier (FCA)

80

Hardship

78

Free on Board (FOB)

79, 80, 81

Hedging

112

Freight

93–94

House bills of lading

86

back

94

Hull insurance

89

collect

94

dead

94

IAA (Institute of

liner conferences

93–94

Arbitrators Australia)

138

International Standby

London Maritime

Practices

109

Arbitrators’ Association

irrevocable

Rules (LMAA)

136

unconfirmed

105

London Maritime

issuing banks

106

Arbitrators’ Association

payment

103

Terms (LMAA)

136

revocable

105

stand-by

73

Maastricht Treaty

25

UNCITRAL Model

Manila Action Plan

31

Law on Credit Transfers

109

Marine insurance

89–93

Uniform Customs

Australian Law

and Practice

107–09

Reform Commission

92–93

Letters of indemnity

85

double insurance

89

Leveraging

44–45

floating policies

90

Lex mercatoria

5–6, 70, 80

general average

91

Licensing

64, 65

good faith

89

Limitation periods

72

hull

89

Liner conferences

93–94

indemnities

91–92

Liquidated damages

119

Institute Cargo

Litigation

139–42

Clauses

90–91

appeals

141

insurable interests

89

enforcement

141–42

Insurance Contracts

express contractual

Act 1984

92

provisions

140

International Law

Foreign Judgments

Association

91

Act 1991

142

Marine Insurance

most significant

Act 1909

92–93

relationship

140–41

open cover

90

Prohibition of Foreign

responsibility to

Judgment Enforcement

take out

90

Act 1984

142

sound arrived value

92

UN Convention on

subrogation

89, 92

Law Applicable to

time policies

89

Contracts for International

types of

89–90

Sale of Goods

140

unvalued policy

90

vesting of rights doctrine

140

valued policy

89

LMAA Rules (London

voyage policies

89

Maritime Arbitrators’

York-Antwerp Rules

91

Association)

136

Market

LMAA Terms ((London

competition

40, 43–44

Maritime Arbitrators’

power

43–44

Association)

136

sharing

40, 44

LOIs (Letters of Indemnity)

85

splitting

40

London Court of

substantial power

43–44

International Arbitration

Marrakesh Agreement

17–23

Rules (LCIA)

135

Materiality

54

Mate’s receipts

85

Model Tax Convention

115–16

Mediation

132–33

OEEC (Organisation for

MERCOSUR

29–30

European Economic

Mergers

51–53

Co-operation)

124

Misrepresentation

118

Open cover

90

Misuse of substantial

Open regionalism

30

market power

43–44

Osaka Action Plan

31

Mitigation of loss

117

Montreal Protocols

95

Parallel imports

65, 66

Most-favoured nation

Parallel pricing

43

treatment

12

Paris Convention for the

Most significant

Protection of Industrial

relationship

140–41

Property

21

Motive for

Party autonomy

7, 71

international trade

3

Passing of property

78, 102–03

Multimodal transport

86, 99–100

Passing of risk

78

Multinationals

63

Patents

64

Multi-trade negotiations

15

Payments

bills of exchange

103–05

NAFTA (North American

currency

111–12

Free Trade Association)

9, 27–29

direct

103

National treatment

12

electronic

151–52

Negligence

international

73

misrepresentation

118

letters of credit

103, 105–09

product liability

120

risk

109–11

New Tax System (Goods and

Penalties

119

Services Tax) Act 1999

116

Phytosanitary measures,

New York Convention

agreement on

18

on Recognition and

Political risk

110

Enforcement of Foreign

Precedent

7

Arbitral Awards

139, 141

Predatory pricing

45, 53

New Zealand

32–34

Preferential trading

Non-governmental

arrangements

13, 32–34

organisations

9

Prejudicial intermediate

Normal value

53

goods

33

North American Free

Prices

Trade Association

competition

42–43, 45,

(NAFTA)

9, 27–29

48–49, 53

Nuisance

121

discrimination

45

parallel

43

OECD (Organisation for

predatory

45, 53

Economic Co-operation

fixing

42–43

and Development)

34

resale price

Guidelines for

maintenance

48–49

Multinational

Primary boycotts

41

Enterprises

68

Private international

trade law

4

Product liability

119–21

Safeguards, agreement on

20

Prohibition of Foreign

Safety of life at sea (SOLAS)

89

Judgment Enforcement

Sale of Goods Act 1923

116

Act 1984

142

Sale of Goods (Vienna

Promissory notes

73

Convention) Act 1986

116

Protocol to the Australia

Sanitary measures,

New Zealand Closer

agreement on

18

Economic Relations

SDRs (Special

Trade Agreement on

Drawing Rights)

84, 96

Acceleration of Free

Sea

Trade in Goods

33

See Carriage of goods by sea

Public international

Sea waybills

84

trade law

4

Seadocs

150

Public policy

49, 50–51

Secondary boycotts

41

Public procurement

72

Security Council

130

Purchase restrictions

46

Shipping conferences

93–94

Small claims procedure

136

Qualified liability model

120

SMART (Sydney

Quarantine

88

Maritime Arbitration

Quotas

12

Rules and Terms)

138

Smart cards

152

Rail transport

98

SOLAS (Safety of

Reasonableness

49–50

Life at Sea)

89

Refusal to supply

46

Sole distribution

Resale price

agreements

62

maintenance

48–49

Sound arrived value

92

Resale restrictions

46, 48–49

Sources of international

Restraint of trade

49, 51

trade law

4

Retention of title clauses

102

Sovereign immunity

4

Risk

Special drawings

commercial

110

rights (SDRs)

84, 96

Export Finance

Specific performance

116

Insurance Corruption

109

Standard industry

passing of

78

contracts

69

payments, managing

109–11

Standard terms

political

110

and conditions

68–69

Road transport

98, 99

Stand-by letters of credit

73

Romalpa clauses

102

State immunity

Rome Convention for

See Sovereign immunity

the Protection of the

State trading

13–14

Rights of Performers,

Stored value cards

152

Producers of Phonographs

Strict liability

119–20

and Broadcasting

Sub-charters

87

Organisations

21

Subrogation

89, 92

Rome Convention on

Subsidiaries

63–64

the Law Applicable

Subsidies

14, 19

to Contractual Obligations

27

Substitution

117

Supply

Transport

competition

46–48

See also Carriage of goods by

conditional

47–48

air, Carriage of goods by

refusal to

46

land, Carriage of goods

SWIFT

150

by sea

72

Sydney Maritime Arbitration

Treaties and conventions

Rules and Terms

138

See also Particular treaties

European Union

25–27

Tariffs

intellectual property

21

agriculture

18

obligations imposed in

5

common external tariff

26

role of

4–5

customs

101

Treaty of Rome

25, 27, 56

nomenclature

101

Treaty on European

Taxation

114–16

Union

25

Technical barriers to trade,

TRIMs (Trade Related

agreement on

19

Aspects of Investment

Terminals, operators

Measures)

19

of transport

72

TRIPs (Trade Related Aspects

Textiles, agreement on

18–19

of Intellectual Property

Through bills of lading

86

Rights)

21–23, 32

Time charterparties

86–87

Time limits

72

UCP 500 (Uniform Customs

Time policies

89

and Practice for

Title, retention of

102

Documentary

Tracing

102

Credits)

107–09, 151

Trademarks

65, 66

UN Convention on Law

Trade Measures

Applicable to Contracts

Review Officer

56

for International

Trade Practices

Sale of Goods

140

Act 1974

38–39, 41–43,

UNCTAD

12, 15, 99

49–50, 66, 93, 117,

UNCITRAL

6, 69

121, 147

alternative dispute

Trade Practices (Misuse of

resolution

73

Trans-Tasman Market

arbitration

73, 133, 134,

Power) Act 1990

56

136–37, 138

Trade Related Aspects of

case law

75

Intellectual Property

conciliation

73, 132

Rights (TRIPs)

21–23, 32

construction

72

Trade Related Aspects of

countertrade

72, 114

Investment Measures

credit transfers

73, 109

(TRIMs)

19

cross-border

Trade terms

78–80

insolvency

73

Trading blocs

25–35

electronic commerce

72, 145

Transnational corporations

9

letters of credit

109

passing of property

78

public procurement

72

passing of risk

78

Understanding on Rules

product liability

120

and Procedures

UNCITRAL

75

Governing the

Vienna Convention on the

Settlement of Disputes

23

Law of Treaties

5, 61

UNESCO

101

Voyage charterparties

87

UNIDROIT

6

Voyage policies

89

agency

61

franchising

67

Warranties, breach of

117–18

party autonomy

71

Warsaw Convention on

uniform rules

70

Carriage of Goods

Uniform Customs and Practice

by Air

94–95

on Documentary

Waybills

84, 95

Credits (UCP)

107–09, 151

Website auctions

149

Uniform Law

World Intellectual

on Cheques

105

Property Organisation

Uniform Rules

(WIPO)

21

for Collection

105

World Trade Organisation

11–24

United Nations

9, 130

Agreement

16–23

United Nations Commission

agriculture

18

on International

Anti-Dumping

Trade Law

71

Agreement

53

United States

57

background

11–12

Universal Copyright

clothing

18–19

Convention

21

Constitution

23

Unvalued policies

90

countervailing

Uruguay Round

15, 16, 17, 125

measures

19

dispute settlement

23, 125–29

Valued policies

89

domestic application

23–24

Vesting of rights

dumping

13, 53

doctrine

140

electronic commerce

149

Vienna Convention on

GATS

20

the International Sale

GATT

14–17

of Goods

69, 71, 72,

International Trade

74–78

Organisation

11

breach of contract,

Marrakesh Agreement

17–23

liability for

116, 118

membership

16–17

case law

75

most-favoured nation

dirty hands

78

treatment

12

force majeure

78

national treatment

12

hardship clauses

78

phytosanitary

interpretation

75

measures

18

non-governance

76–77

preferential trading

arrangements

13

private international

textiles

18–19

trade law

4

TRIMs

19

public international

TRIPs

21–23, 32

trade law

4

Understanding on Rules

quota restrictions,

and Procedures

elimination of

12

Governing the

safeguards

20

Settlement of Disputes

23

sanitary measures

18

WTO

state trading

13–14

See World Trade Organisation

subsidies

14, 19

technical barriers

York-Antwerp Rules

91

to trade

19