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FOREWORD

Настоящее учебное пособие предназначено для студентов технических вузов машиностроительных специальностей. Учебное пособие рассчитано на 150 часов аудиторных и 100 часов самостоятельных занятий по английскому языку (2–4 семестры технических вузов).

Цель пособия — научить эффективно использовать английский язык как инструмент для решения различных коммуникативных задач с конечной целью — пониманием читаемого текста, причем текста оригинального, так как оригинальный текст в максимальной степени характеризуется такими признаками коммуникативных единиц, как аутентичность языкового материала, познавательная ценность содержания, структурированность, прагматическая направленность.

Развитие навыков профессионального общения реализуется посредством дискуссионного общения и созданием докладов на научно-практические конференции.

Учебное пособие включает в себя шесть разделов (Parts). Первый раздел состоит из шести тем (Units), следующие четыре раздела — из пяти тем, шестой раздел — из двух тем, которые отражают содержание общей тематики разделов. Тематика следующая: наука о материалах, свойства материалов, процессы обработки материалов, станки, металловедение, горячая и холодная обработка металлов, применение пластиков, виды пластмасс, детали автомобилей, автоматизация производственных процессов, роботизация, компьютеризация, типы графиков, диаграммы.

Вкаждом разделе предлагается аудиоматериал (Listening) с упражнениями на понимание услышанного.

После каждого раздела представлены списки основных и наиболее часто употребляемых технических терминов, фраз, устойчивых словосочетаний в алфавитном порядке с переводом (Words and Word Combinations to the Parts).

Далее предлагаются тексты для дополнительного чтения (Supplementary Reading) по пройденному материалу с вопросами и заданиями для проверки понимания текстов. Тематика дополнительных текстов соответствует тематике текстов шести разделов.

Далее приведены тексты аудиоматериалов (Listening Scripts).

Затем предлагается глоссарий технической терминологии и сокращений; англорусский и русско-английский специализированные словари (Glossary of Engineering Terms and Abbreviations, English – Russian Vocabulary; Russian – English Vocabulary).

Взавершении учебного пособия представлен библиографический список использованной литературы, с приложениями в виде ссылок на интернет сайты и основных клише, необходимых для выступлений на конференциях.

Тема (Unit) состоит из базового текста и заданий (Assignments), построенных по принципу «от простого к сложному», которые органически связаны между собой. При этом соблюдается принцип повторяемости лексики от задания к заданию, что является как одним из основных условий запоминания технической терминологии, так и выступает в роли главной предпосылки ее использования в устной и в письменной речи. Предлагаются предтекстовые упражнения, ориентирующие студентов на лингвистическую догадку, а наличие ссылок на интернет сайты ориентирует студентов на самостоятельное выполнение определенных упражнений.

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PART I. MATERIALS SCIENCE AND MACHINE TOOLS

The Materials Science Laboratory

Unit 1

Read the text:

Mechanical Engineering

Today machines have to withstand such tremendous stresses and to be able of such complex motions that complicated and specialized calculations taking hundreds of factors into account are needed in the design of even quite a simple machine like a motorcar engine.

So, as engineering progresses, engineers must become ever more scientific and specialized. Today the branches of engineering are so wide that it is impossible to classify them satisfactorily. But we may try to divide them into uses. The main divisions of engineering may be listed as follows:

–Mechanical engineering — steam engines, internal combustion engines, turbines (steam, gas, water), pumps; compressors; machine-tools; mechanisms.

–Electrical engineering — a) power: generators; motors; transformers; transmission (power lines and so on); b) electronics: radio, radar, television.

–Civil engineering — dams; tunnels; roads, and so on.

–Structural engineering — the structural details of all large buildings and bridges.

–Chemical engineering.

Mechanical engineering has been recognized as a separate branch of engineering since the formation of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers of Great Britain in 1847. The development of the textile machinery, steam engines, machine-tools, pumping machinery, turbines and locomotives of that time made such a diversity interest for civilian engineers that these and allied subjects were called mechanical engineering.

Mechanical engineering deals with the design, construction and operation of machines and devices of all kinds, and with research and sciences upon which these depend. Among these machines are prime movers such as engines and turbines using air, gas, steam and water as operating media; pumping machines and other hydraulic apparatus; heating, ventilating, air conditioning and refrigerating equipment, transportation structures used in aviation and many others. To understand better the extent of the activities and interests of mechanical engineers, the following lists of the professional divisions and technical committees of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers* (ASME) are given: applied mechanics, aviation, fuel, heat transfer, hydraulics, industrial instruments and regulators, metals engineering, oil and gas power, process industries, railroad, rubber and plastics etc.

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ASME helps the global engineering community develop solutions to real world challenges. Founded in 1880 ASME is a not-for-profit professional organization that enables collaboration, knowledge sharing and skill development across all engineering disciplines, while promoting the vital role of the engineer in society.

•*http://www.asme.org

•*http://memagazine.asme.org

Assignments:

I.General understanding. Answer the questions:

1.What should be taken into account when designing a motorcar engine?

2.Why must engineers become more scientific and specialized?

3.What are the main divisions of engineering?

4.What spheres does mechanical engineering include?

5.When and where was mechanical engineering recognized as a separate branch of engineering?

6.What does ASME refer to?

7.When was ASME organization founded?

II. Translate these words and phrases into English:

Машиностроение; двигатель внутреннего сгорания; прикладная механика; станки; ткацкое оборудование; устройства; громадные нагрузки; насосное оборудование; объем деятельности / работы; гидравлика.

III. Match two parts of the sentences according to the text:

IV. Ask general questions to the following statements; then ask special questions to them:

1.Today it is impossible to classify the branches of engineering satisfactorily.

2.Mechanical engineering deals with the design, construction and operation of machines and devices of all kinds.

3.Mechanical engineering has been recognized as a separate branch of engineering since the formation of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers of Great Britain in 1847.

V. Match English terms and their definitions:

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VI. CD Tape-1. Listen to four people talking about mechanical engineering and identify the main topic of each conversation.

1) Choose from the topics in the box, and write the number of the topic next to the speaker in the chart opposite:

2) Then listen again and complete each phrase below with the correct word.

VII. 1) Scan the text below quickly to find out which of these mechanisms are mentioned: cam; tap; pendulum; foot pump; escalator.

Mechanisms

Mechanisms are important part of everyday life. They allow us to do simple things like switch on lights, turn taps, and open doors. They also make it possible to use escalators and lifts, travel in cars, and fly from continent to continent.

Mechanisms play a vital role in industry. While many industrial processes have electronic control systems, it is still mechanisms that deliver the power to do the work. They provide the forces to press steel sheets into car body panels, to lift large components from place to place, to force plastic through dies to make pipes.

All mechanisms involve some kind of motion. The four basic kinds of motion are:

-rotary: wheels, gears, and rollers involve rotary movement;

-oscillating: the pendulum of a clock oscillates — it swings backwards or forwards;

-linear: the linear movement of a paper trimmer is used to cut the edge of the paper;

-reciprocating: the piston in a combustion engine reciprocates.

Many mechanisms involve changing one kind of motion into another type. For example, the reciprocating motion of a piston is changed into a rotary motion by the crankshaft, while a cam converts the rotary motion of the engine into the reciprocating motions required to operate the valves.

2) Read the text and answer the questions:

1.What does a cam do?

2.What does oscillating mean?

3.How are plastic pipes formed?

4.What simple mechanisms are mentioned directly or indirectly?

5.What is the function of the crankshaft?

6.Give an example of a device which can produce a linear movement.

7.How are car body panels formed?

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3) The technical words in column A are similar in meaning to the more general English in column B. Match them:

Unit 2

Read the text:

Materials Science and Technology

Materials Science and Technology is the study of materials and how they can be fabricated to meet the needs of modern technology. Using the laboratory techniques and knowledge of physics, chemistry, and metallurgy, scientists are finding new ways of using metals, plastics and other materials.

Engineers must know how materials respond to external forces, such as compression, torsion, bending, and shear. All materials respond to these forces by elastic deformation. That is, the materials return their original size and form when the external force disappears. The materials may also have permanent deformation or they may fracture. The results of external forces are creep and fatigue.

Compression is a pressure causing a decrease in volume. When a material is subjected to a bending, shearing, or torsion (twisting) force, both the tensile and compressive forces are simultaneously at work. When a metal bar is bent, one side of it is stretched and subjected to a tensional force, and the other side is compressed.

Tension is a pulling force; for example, the force in a cable holding a weight. Under tension, a material usually stretches, returning to its original length if the force does not exceed the material’s elastic limit. Under larger tensions, the material does not return completely to its original condition, and under greater forces the material ruptures.

Fatigue is the growth of cracks under stress. It occurs when a mechanical part is subjected to a repeated or cyclic stress, such as vibration. Even when the maximum stress never exceeds the elastic limit, failure of the material can occur even after a short time. No deformation is seen during fatigue, but small localized cracks develop and patronage through the material until the remaining cross-sectional area cannot support the maximum stress of the cyclic force. Knowledge of tensile stress, elastic limits, and the resistance of materials to creep and fatigue are of basic importance in engineering.

Creep is a slow, permanent deformation that results from steady force acting on a material. Materials at high temperature usually suffer from this deformation. The gradual loosening of

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bolts and the deformation of components of machines and engines are all the examples of creep. In many cases the slow deformation stops because deformation eliminates the force causing the creep. Creep extended over a long time finally leads to the rupture of the material.

Assignments:

I.General understanding. Answer the questions:

1.What are external forces causing the elastic deformation of materials? Describe those forces that change the form and size of materials.

2.What are the results of external forces?

3.What kinds of deformation are the combinations of tension and compression?

4.What happens if the elastic limit of material is exceeded under tension?

5.What do we call fatigue? When does it occur?

6.What do we call creep? When does this type of permanent deformation take place?

7.What are the results of creep?

II. Find the following words and word combinations in the text:

Отвечать требованиям современной технологии; используя лабораторные методы; новые способы использования металлов; сжатие, растяжение, изгиб, кручение, срез; возвращать первоначальный размер и форму; внешняя сила; постоянная деформация; уменьшение объема; растягивающие и сжимающие силы; превышать предел упругости материала; повторяющиеся циклические напряжения; разрушение материала; развитие

ираспространение мелких трещин; сопротивление материалов ползучести и усталости. III. Say whether these sentences are true (T) or false (F):

1.Elastic deformation helps materials to respond to such forces as tension, compression, torsion etc.

2.When the external force appears the materials return their original size and form.

3.Increasing in volume when the material is pressured is the characteristic of compres-

sion.

4.The material never returns to its original length under all kinds of tension.

5.There is no deformation during the fatigue, although some cracks take place here.

6.The example of creep is the gradual loosening of bolts etc.

IV. Put the words from column B into the certain gaps in column A. There are two extra words:

V. Translate the following sentences into English:

1.Упругая деформация — это реакция всех материалов на внешние силы, такие, как растяжение, сжатие, скручивание, изгиб и срез.

2.Усталость и ползучесть материалов являются результатом внешних сил.

3.Внешние силы вызывают постоянную деформацию и разрушение материала.

4.Растягивающие и сжимающие силы работают одновременно, когда мы изгибаем или скручиваем материал.

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