714

3. Which words make up word combinations according to the text? Give their Russian

1.Search the Internet for the information about the travel company Thomas Cook Group plc. to make a report.

2.Name other people who greatly influenced the tourism industry. What do you know about Marco Polo, David Livingstone, César Manrique? Choose the person, find out the information about him and share it with the group.

SECTION 3

1.In pairs, discuss the following questions.

1)What do you know about the history and development of tourism in Russia?

2)What peculiarities do you expect to find in the history of tourism development in our country?

2.Do the following things have any connection with the development of tourism in Russia? Why?

1)prevalence of agricultural population

2)pilgrimage

3)travels abroad as the usual form of leisure for aristocracy

4)accessible prices

5)the first tourist organization

6)tourist revolution

11

READING Peculiarities of Russian Tourism Development

Read the text and say what features Russian tourism had.

As is known from historical sources, our ancestors travelled to other countries in ancient times. The desire to ‘change places’ as a feature of the Russian national character was inherent to representatives of different layers of the society. Because of prevalence of agricultural population over Russia, there were no conditions for development of mass tourism for a long time. Practically, the only kind of travel was pilgrimage.

Only since Peter’s the Great time it is possible to speak about formation of the all-European traditions of travelling in Russia. It is considered that Peter the Great, visiting mineral sources of Spa in Belgium for medical treatment, became the first Russian health-resort visitor.

During the reign of Catherine the Great each nobleman had the right to go abroad and return at any time. From the beginning of XIX century travels abroad became the usual form of leisure for aristocracy. Close communications with Germany

(because of geographical affinity and traditions) were characteristic. It was not simple to go abroad at that time. One of memoirists wrote: “Passport for travel abroad costs 500 roubles in silver, it was permitted to go abroad only on business or with the purpose of medical treatment, and in the first case the guarantee of trading firms in reliability of the traveller is required.”

To go travelling was possible only under the special sanction of the Emperor, i.e. travel became a symbol of freedom. From the beginning of Alexander II reign, it became much easier to go abroad, and resort tourism ceased to be the privilege of aristocracy. Travels abroad were included in the leisure time of the educated public.

On the whole, scale of international tourism in Russia was significant. At the end of XIX – the beginning of XX century Russians rested on the French sea resorts. The prices were quite accessible to the average-income person at that time. Similarly, to present times rest abroad was sometimes even cheaper than in Yalta.

Trips abroad were more common and comfortable than travels over Russia. In Russia, the first tourist organization appeared in St.Petersburg in 1885. It was ‘Enterprise for Public Travels to All World Countries’ which acquainted compatriots with European countries. It was of a commercial character and was engaged in the organization of collective trips abroad, and construction of hotels for tourists.

The most mass tourist organization in pre-revolutionary Russia was Russian Touring club in St.Petersburg, based in 1895 and later transformed into the Russian Society of Tourists. The organization was a member of the international tourist league and united about five thousand persons. The magazine ‘Russian tourist’ was issued.

The opportunity of free choice of route forms culture of mass tourism. The increasing number of people gets an opportunity to choose a travel route according to their taste. Influence of tourism on people, economies and environment has obtained such a scale that it is possible to speak about tourist revolution.

12

COMPREHENSION CHECK

1.Continue the sentences using the information from the text.

1)Our ancestors travelled to … .

2)In Russia there were no … .

3)The only kind of travel was … .

4)Peter the Great became … .

5)The usual form of leisure for aristocracywas … .

6)From the beginning of Alexander II reign, travelling became much … .

7)In Russia, the first tourist organization appeared in … .

8)The increasing number of people gets an opportunity to … .

2.According to the text, are the following statements true or false? If they are false, say why.

1)Our ancestors travelled only over Russia in ancient times.

2)‘To change places’ was a peculiarity of the Russian national character.

3)One of different kinds of travel in Russia was pilgrimage.

4)Peter the Great went to Belgium as a business traveller.

5)It was allowed to go abroad only on business or for medical purposes.

6)The first tourist organization acquainted compatriots with European countries.

3.Which developments of tourism occurred during the reign of the following tsars: Peter the Great, Catherine the Great, Alexander II.

4.Fill in the words from the box in the given sentences according to the text.

1)As known from historical sources, our … travelled to other countries in ancient times.

2)Because of prevalence of agricultural population over Russia, there were no conditions for development of mass … for a long time.

3)It was not simple to go … at that time.

4)Travel abroad was included in the … time of the educated public.

5)From the beginning of Alexander II reign, … tourism ceased to be the privilege of aristocracy.

6)The prices were quite … to the average-income person at that time.

5.Find words in the text that have the same or similar meaning to the following:

very old; forefather; a journey to a holy place; in a foreign country; time for relaxation; a reason; to stop; available; a place for rest;to make familiar.

Read the text and choose the correct word.

1) In ancient/modern Rome, thermopolia (singular thermopolium) were small restaurantbars which offered food/presents and drinks to the customer. A typical thermopolium had L-shaped counters into which large storage vessels were sunk, which would contain either hot or cold food. Due to the absence of kitchens in many dwellings people could buy/show prepared foods there. Besides, eating out was also considered an important aspect of socializing.

13

In Pompeii, 158 thermopolia with a service counter have been identified across the whole town area. They were concentrated/developed along the main axes of the town and the public spaces where they were visited by the locals.

Food catering establishments which may be described as restaurants have been known since the 11th century in Kaifeng, China’s northern capital during the first half of the Song Dynasty (960–1279).

2) Roads of rails came into use in Germany as early as in 1550. These primitive railed roads consisted of wooden rails over which horse-drawn wagons or carts moved with greater ease than over dirt roads. They were the beginnings of modern railroads/motorways.

By 1776, iron had replaced the wood in the rails and wheels on the carts and spread out across Europe/America. Horses still provided all the pulling power. In 1789, Englishman, William Jessup designed the first wagons with flanged wheels.

The introduction/evolution of the steam engine was crucial to the invention of the modern railroad and trains. In 1803, a man named Samuel Homfray decided to fund the development/restoration of a steam-powered vehicle to replace the horse-drawn carts on the tramways. Richard Trevithick (1771–1833) built that vehicle, the first steam engine tramway locomotive.

Read and translate the poem ‘Travel’ by Vida Nenadic (1964), a Serbian poet. Now, read the poem aloud as expressively as possible.

KEY WORDS TO REMEMBER

14

2. What is Tourism?

Travelling broadens the mind more than reading.

WARMING-UP

Turkish proverb

SECTION 1

1. Where in the world would you like to go? Why? What attracts you in this region?

2.List the holidays you have been on. Note down the activities you were busy with while on those holidays.

3.Interview your partner and make notes on his/her holiday experiences. Some of the questions you may ask are:

Read the text and give the definition of tourism.

Tourism helps people to forget about their daily routine and to relax after so many weeks or months of working. We feel excited when we pack our luggage and wait for the holidays to come. Although many of us have been tourists at some point in our lives, defining what tourism actually is can be difficult.

15

Etymologically, the word tour is derived from the Latin, ‘tornare’ and the Greek, ‘tornos’, which mean a circle. In modern English, with the suffix -ism (an action or process), the meaning of the word tourism is the action of movement in a circle. We can imagine a round-trip from this meaning: one leaves home for a particular destination, then returns home again.

The World Tourism Organization defines tourism as “the activities of people travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes”.

Tourism can also be defined as “the temporary movement of people to destinations outside their normal places of work and residence, the activities undertaken during their stay in those destinations, and the facilities which are created to cater to their needs.”

The travel and tourism industry is one of the biggest and fastest growing industries in the world. It brings foreign exchange earnings to countries and creates jobs. Jobs are not only created directly in tourism but in related industries, including transportation, accommodation, eating and drinking establishments, retail shops, entertainment businesses, activity facilities and other hospitality services provided for individuals or groups travelling away from home. One in fifteen of all workers worldwide, from A to Z, from airport cleaners to zookeepers, are involved in the tourism industry, directly or indirectly. The WTO claims that tourism is currently the world’s largest industry with annual revenues of over three billion dollars. Tourism provides over six million jobs in the United States, making it the country’s largest employer. In Britain it employs over two million people. The sector employs about twelve percent of Egypt’s workforce.

Tourism is important and in some cases vital for many countries, such as Egypt, Greece, Israel, Thailand, and many island nations, such as the Bahamas, Fiji, the Maldives, the Philippines and the Seychelles. It is a huge part of the economy of these countries. In the Bahamas, for example, over 60 % of the economy is based on tourism.

Tourism is a dynamic and competitive industry that requires the ability to constantly adapt to customer’s changing needs and desires, as the customer’s satisfaction, safety and enjoyment are particularly the focus of tourism businesses.

The tourist industry has grown significantly over the last 50 years. People are taking longer holidays, travel more frequently and to more exotic and unusual destinations. Technological developments in transport, changes in working practices (increase in income, the introduction of holiday pay), cheap flights from budget airlines, the growth of the Internet and globalization have led to the rise of tourism. Tourism has become a popular global leisure activity. In 1950, there were 25 million international tourist arrivals worldwide. In 2010, the figure was 940 million, and by 2020 it is predicted to be 1.6 billion.

COMPREHENSION CHECK

1.Now read the text again and answer the following questions.

1)What is the origin of the word tourism?

2)What are the benefits of tourism for the host country?

3)What are tourism related industries?

4)Why is tourism very important for many countries?

5)What is the centre of interest of the tourism industry?

6)What has led to the rise of tourism?

7)Which of the key developments in tourism, do you think, were the most important?

16

2. What do these numbers from the text refer to?

3. Find the English equivalents in the text for the following:

упаковывать вещи; путешествовать с целью отдохнуть и по работе; иностранная валюта; предоставлять работу в сфере транспорта (размещения, питания, розничных магазинов, развлечений); ежегодный доход; быть жизненно необходимым для многих стран; быть динамичной и конкурентной индустрией; быть в центре внимания туристической индустрии; путешествовать в экзотические страны; увеличение доходов; дешевые перелеты от бюджетных авиалиний; становиться популярным времяпровождением.

1. The travel and tourism industry has different sectors. Look at the diagram and match the six sectors with descriptions 1–6 below.

1)people or companies that organize and assemble the different parts of a holiday or tour

2)places to stay, such as hotels, motels, guest houses, apartments, campsites and the food and services that are provided there

3)places that tourists want to visit

4)ways of travelling between different places, such as air, sea, rail and road transport

5)government organizations that promote and develop tourism, such as national and regional tourist organizations, public education and training establishments, visa and passport offices

6)people or companies that sell the holiday or tour to the customer

2.What is your idea of a good job in tourism? Put the following ideas in order of importance.

17

3. Tourism is a complex industry made up of many different businesses which provide products and services to tourists. That is why the career options in the tourism industry are unlimited. Depending on your interests and skills, you can work indoors or out, nine to five or midnight to noon. You can have one career in winter and another in summer. Look at the jobs related to tourism and match them with the definitions.

4. Which job in tourism appeals to you most? Use the examples below and give the skills and qualities to prove that you suit the job.

5. Read the job ads. Which job do you find the most / least attractive? Give your reasons why.

18

Travel Sales Consultant

Leading travel agency is seeking a travel sales consultant to sell holidays and other travel products. Good telephone, IT and numeracy skills are a must. The job involves booking package tours, making hotel reservations and arranging car hire as well as designing individual holidays for independent travellers. You should have an outgoing personality and be able to put others first.

19

SECTION 2

1.Travel is a very personal thing – some love it, some hate it and others are mad about it. Do you think travelling can become addictive? Why? Do you know anybody who doesn’t like travelling? How do they explain their dislikes?

2.Read the statements below. Decide which are for not travelling and which are for it.

1)Some people feel uncomfortable in a foreign culture (because of language problems or strange customs).

2)There is no boss, no work, no worries, no grey skies, just free time.

3)Tourist destinations are often crowded and noisy.

4)Travelling is expensive.

5)You have the freedom to go where you want and when you want.

6)Flights and trains get delayed.

7)Tourism is destroying our planet. Travelling by plane is bad for the environment.

8)Going away is too much trouble. It’s not worth doing it.

9)You can see everything on TV these days.

10)Coming back is awful. The routine of getting up, going to work, going home, eating, sleeping, and getting up again is just about killing people.

11)You miss the freedom and excitement of travelling.

12)My country/city can give me everything.

3.Tourism has proven to be the world’s fastest growing economic sector. However, tourism growth in many countries has not been so high, for example, in the countries with political instability. Can you give other factors which have a massive impact on tourism?

Read the text and identify negative and positive factors for the development of tourism.

The tourism industry is affected by many different things: climatic disasters, international events, economic changes, political changes and revolutions, changes in fashion, terrorist attacks.

Climatic disasters have a devastating impact on destinations and on their tourist industry. Recent examples include the tsunami which devastated South East Asia in late 2004. It was among the deadliest natural disasters in human history with over 230,000 people killed in 14 countries bordering the Indian Ocean. Even minor climate change affects tourism. If there is a particularly hot summer, there is usually an increase in domestic tourism and a corresponding decrease in outbound tourism.

People become more worried about security. The terrorist attacks on New York’s World Trade Centre on 11 September 2001 had an impact on the worldwide tourism industry, as people were afraid to fly, particularly American tourists. The result was a decline in worldwide travel for leisure and for business. In October 2002 terrorists bombed a resort in Bali, killing over 200 people. The tourism industry in Bali was ruined at the time and only began to pick up again two years later. There have also been terrorist bombings in Istanbul, Egypt, Kenya and Madrid in the

20