Дрофа С. Ю., Конишевский Д. В., Кушнарева Н. В.. Учебно-методическое пособие по английскому языку для подготовки к занятиям по контролю самостоятельной работы

Nearly all steam locomotives built since have been based upon Rocket’s basic design.

It was designed and built to compete in the Rainhill Trials, a competition to select the locomotive type for the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, in October 1829. All the other competitors broke down so a true result is a bit hard to tell; however in winning, Rocket did fulfill the key requirement of the contest that a full simulated 50 mile (90-km) round trip under load be completed with satisfactory fuel consumption. It averaged 12 miles per hour (achieving a top speed of 30 miles per hour) hauling 13 tons. The builders of Rocket had already built about 50 engines, and presumably were fairly good at doing this.

At the official opening of the railway almost a year later on 15 September 1830 the first run of Rocket was marred by the first railway casualty, with the accidental death of William Huskisson.

It was later used near Tindale village and on Lord Carlisle's Railway. Rocket was donated to the Patent Museum in London in 1862 by the Thompsons of Milton Hall, near Brampton, in Cumbria.

It still exists, in the Science Museum, London, in much modified form compared to its state at the Rainhill Trials (рic. 4). The cylinders were altered to the horizontal position, compared to the slanted arrangement as new, and the locomotive was given a proper smokebox. Such are the changes in the engine from 1829 that The Engineer magazine, circa 1884, concluded that it seems to us indisputable that the Rocket of 1829 and 1830 were totally different engines.

Pic. 4. Rocket as preserved in the Science Museum, London

The Replica.

A replica – модель, копия; smoke stack – дымовая труба; trackbed height – высота колеи.

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In 1979 a replica Rocket was built by Locomotion Enterprises for the 150th anniversary celebrations. The main difference between the replica and the original is the shorter smoke stack of the replica, due to the increased trackbed height under the bridge at Rainhill. If it had the original height the replica would have been unable to pass under the bridge (рic. 5).

Pic. 5. The replica Rocket

The replica Rocket appears in The Railway Series book Thomas and the Great Railway Show, on the occasion of Thomas's visit to the National Railway Museum at York. Although Rocket is not mentioned in the text, the illustration of Thomas with Rocket was significant enough to be used for the cover picture.

Unit 6. ANATOMY OF A STEAM LOCOMOTIVE

6.1. Study the words and two pictures (pic. 6, 7) then read and translate the entries and fit them to the numbered words.

Grate – колосниковая решетка; chimney – дымоход;

draft – тяга;

trough – корыто, желоб; guide – передаточный рычаг; aligned – выровненный; bearing – опора (подшипник); axle – ось;

alternating piston thrusts – перемежающиеся поршневые упоры; slides – салазки;

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sprung – пружинили; uneven – неровный;

film of oil – масляная пленка; seize – заедать;

crank pin – коленчатый штифт; driving axle – ведущая ось; flaps – створки;

damper – дымовая заслонка; admission – доступ;

hopper – опрокидывающийся; convey – передавать;

to impose too much restriction – вводить слишком много ограничений; deflector plate – отражатель;

even temperature – постоянная температура; expansion and contraction – расширение и сжатие; leak – протекать;

aimed – нацеленный; jet – струя;

restrict – ограничивать; via (лат.) – через; draw – вытягивать; crucial – решающий;

to maintain – обеспечивать; a draught – тяга воздуха; excessive – чрезмерный;

unburnt particles – несгоревшие частицы.

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Pic. 6. Anatomy of a Steam Locomotive

Pic. 7. Not Just A Big Kettle

1)Ashpan – зольник, поддувало;

2)axle box – осевая букса;

3)blastpipe – выхлопная труба;

4)blower – воздуходувка;

5)crosshead – ползун, крейцкопф;

6)connecting rod – соединяющая тяга (шток);

7)coupling rod – парная тяга;

8)driving wheel – ведущее колесо;

9)fire box – топка;

10)flame scoop – дверца печи, печная заслонка;

11)outside cylinders – внешние цилиндры;

12)piston rod – шток поршня;

13)safety valves – клапаны;

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14)tubes – трубы;

15)water gauge – водомер;

16)water scoop – ковш;

17)whistle – свисток.

a)Fitted to boilers to prevent the working pressure being exceeded.

b)Literally a box containing the fire. It is surrounded by water on the top and all sides. The bottom is a grate with an ashpan below that.

c)Steam locomotives were usually fitted with it, typically mounted on top of the firebox.

d)Fitted to the boiler in a locomotives cab it shows the level of water in the boiler. It is usually a strong glass tube, which leads to sayings such a `half a glass' when referring to boiler water level.

e)These couple driving wheels of the same size together to spread the tractive effort over the coupled wheelbase.

f)Used to blow steam out of the chimney thus creating a through draft to draw the fire through the boiler tubes. Mainly used when the regulator is shut and when there is no exhaust steam to create the draft. Without a draft, blowbacks into the cab are likely whenever the firebox doors are opened.

g)The rod which transfers the motion of the piston out of the cylinder. One end is obviously attached to the piston, the other is attached to and guided by the crosshead.

h)Many steam locomotives were fitted with them. They could pick up water without stopping from long troughs laid along the track between the rails.

i)The wheels which actually drive the vehicle along. In the case of a steam engine these will be the large wheels in the middle of the locomotive connected together by coupling rods. They may sometimes have smaller wheels either in front or behind them.

j)A device connected to the outer end of a piston rod and which slides between guides to keep the rod correctly aligned to the cylinder during its travel. The little-end of a connecting rod is also connected to it.

k)This provides the bearing between the axle and locomotive frame. These were usually simple bearings designed to take the load (for driving wheels) of the alternating piston thrusts as well as the weight of the locomotive. They were

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mounted in vertical slides within the frames and sprung to allow for uneven track. Relying upon a simple film of oil for lubrication, it was not uncommon for an axle box to overheat and seize (hence the term «hot box»). Later designed steam locomotives and diesels use roller bearings.

l)The rod transmitting thrust from the pistons to the crank pin of the driving axle.

m)They were fitted outside the locomotives frames. Some locomotives had inside cylinders (i.e. fitted between the frames). Larger express locomotives often had three or four cylinders and would have both inside and outside cylinders.

n)Fitted below the firebox of a steam locomotive to catch the hot ashes falling from the grate. Typically a flattish tray with flaps known as dampers, which are used to control the admission of air to the fire from below. Later steam locomotive designs had them of hopper type which could be emptied much easier than the older type.

o)The firebox is the main area for generation of steam, but the products of combustion must then be conveyed to the smokebox, through them. They must be designed to extract the maximum amount of the remaining heat and transfer it to the surrounding water. If they are too small they impose too much restriction on the flow of gasses, too large and not enough of the hot gasses will be in contact with the walls. Similarly if they are too long.

p)Also often called the firebox deflector plate, this serves to deflect cold air entering via the firehole downwards towards the grate thus helping to keep an even temperature at the tube plate and reduce unequal expansion and contraction of the tubes which tends to make them leak.

q)Exhaust steam is released from the cylinders, via it. It is located inside the smokebox. Aimed up the chimney, the jet of steam blasting up through the smokebox draws air through the fire and along the boiler tubes and out the chimney. Its size and positioning was crucial to the free steaming of an engine. Too hard a draught would result in excessive fuel usage, with unburnt particles being ejected from the chimney; too gentle and the fire would not burn hot enough to maintain the required supply of steam. It also had to be large enough to exhaust steam freely, otherwise back pressure would restrict the free-running of the engine. More modern locomotives often have two of them and chimneys to give a freer exhaust and better steaming.

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Unit 7. WORLD’S LARGEST LOCOMOTIVE

As railroads around the world need to haul larger quantities of freight efficiently, the title of world's largest locomotive is periodically passed to new generations of rolling stock.

(USA)

Unit 8. PHOTOS OF SOME LOCOMOTIVES

Pic. 8. Great Western Railway No. 6833 Calcot Grange, a 4-6-0 Grange class steam locomotive, at Bristol Temple Meads station, Bristol, England

Pic. 9. An ALCO RS1 of the Southern Appalachia Railway Museum – Oak Ridge, TN

Pic. 10. FS class E412, an electric locomotive operated by Trenitalia in Italy

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Pic. 11. A steam locomotive at the Gare du

Nord, Paris, France, in 1930

Pic. 12. EMD GP50 diesel-electric units of the Burlington Northern Railroad

Pic. 13. VUP 68, one of Union Pacific’s 4,500 hp «veranda» turbines. From the Don Ross Collection

Pic. 14. Former Soviet Union electric locomotive VL60pk (ВЛ60пк)

Pic. 15. Transrapid maglev train on the test track at Emsland, Germany

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Библиографический список

1.The Encyclopedia of Trains and Locomotives: The Comprehensive Guide to Over 900 Steam, Diesel, and Electric Locomotives from 1825 to the Present Day. Thunder Bay Press; First edition, 2003.

2.Train: The Definitive Visual History. DK; First Edition, 2014.

3.The Big Book of Trains. DK; Illustrated edition, 2016.

4.Trains: The World's Most Scenic Routes // Publications International, Ltd., 2019.

5.Rails Around the World: Two Centuries of Trains and Locomotives // Motorbooks, 2020.

6.Brosius and Koch, Die Schule des Lokomotivführers (thirteenth edition, three volumes) Wiesbaden, 1909 – 1914.

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Учебное издание

ДРОФА Светлана Юрьевна, КОНИШЕВСКИЙ Денис Вячеславович, КУШНАРЕВА Наталья Викторовна

УЧЕБНО-МЕТОДИЧЕСКОЕ ПОСОБИЕ ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ

ДЛЯ ПОДГОТОВКИ К ЗАНЯТИЯМ ПО КОНТРОЛЮ САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОЙ РАБОТЫ

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Редактор Н. А. Майорова

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