Караваева Н. А.. The abcs of simultaneous interpreting

f.He started Apple when he turned thirty.

g.Jobs was so devastated after the dismissal that he decided to leave the business and do something different instead.

6. Translate the following into English:

Создатель iPhone Стивен Джобс — один из основателей корпораций Apple, Next, Pixar и ключевая фигура в мировой компьютерной индустрии. Биологичесие родители отдали незаконнорожденного ребенка на усыновление. Главным условием усыновления было получение Стивом высшего образования. В 1972 году Стив Джобс поступает в колледж Рида (Портленд, штат Орегон), но быстро теряет интерес к учебе. Уже после первого семестра он был отчислен по собственному желанию, но оставался жить в комнатах друзей ещё около полутора лет, ночуя на полу, живя на деньги за сданные бутылки из-под «Кока-колы» и раз в неделю приходя на бесплатные обеды в местный храм кришнаитов. Тогда он попал на курсы каллиграфии, что в впоследствии натолкнуло его на мысль оснастить систему Mac OS масштабируемыми шрифтами.

7.Begin interpreting from the source language to the target language recording yourself.

8.Listen to the second part of the text and «shadow» the speaker.

9.Mark the following sentences T (true) or F (false):

a.He started Apple when he turned thirty.

b.He was fired from the company because he had a serious quarrel with someone.

c.Jobs was so devastated after the dismissal that he decided to leave the business and do something different instead.

d.After he had been fired, he entered one of the hardest periods of his life.

e.According to Jobs, one has to believe his work is great.

10.Listen to the second part again. The teacher is going to make pauses for you to finish the sentences.

11.Translate the following into English:

Несмотря на значительные успехи, в начале 80-х гг. Стив Джобс постепенно начинает терять позиции в Apple, которая к тому времени превратилась в огромную корпорацию стоимостью два миллиарда долларов. Его стиль управления приводит сначала к разногласиям, а затем к открытому конфликту с советом директоров. В 30 лет основатель Apple был просто уволен. Потеряв власть в компании и работу, Джобс не пал духом, и сразу

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же принялся за новые проекты. Сначала он основал фирму NeXT, которая специализировалась на производстве сложных компьютеров для высшего образования и бизнес-структур. Но куда более успешным начинанием стала графическая студия Pixar. Под руководством Джобса было выпущено несколько суперкассовых анимационных фильмов. Самые известные: «Корпорация монстров» и знаменитая «История игрушек».

12.Begin interpreting from the source language to the target language recording yourself.

13.Listen to the third part of the text and «shadow» the speaker. Continue shadowing, this time writing the numerals from 1 to 100 on a piece of paper as you repeat what the speaker says (make sure you are writing and speaking at the same time, not just writing during pauses). When you are able to do that, write the numerals in reverse order.

14.Mark the following sentences T (true) or F (false):

a.Remembering he would eventually die helped him to make important decisions.

b.At first doctors thought his cancer was incurable.

c.Jobs compared The Whole Earth Catalog to Google.

d.Publication of The Whole Earth Catalog was stopped because the team didn't have computers.

15.Translate the following into English:

Воктябре 2003 года сканирование брюшной области показало, что у Стива Джобса раковая опухоль поджелудочной железы. Вообще этот диагноз является смертельным, но у главы Apple оказалась очень редкая форма заболевания, которую можно вылечить с помощью операции. Поначалу Джобс отказался от неё, так как по личным убеждениям не признавал вмешательств в человеческий организм. В течение 9 месяцев Стив Джобс надеялся вылечиться самостоятельно, и всё это время никто из руководства Apple не сообщил инвесторам о его смертельной болезни. Затем Стив всё же решился довериться врачам и известил общественность о своём заболевании. 31 июля 2004 года медицинский центр при Стэнфордском институте провёл успешную операцию.

16.Begin interpreting from the source language to the target language recording yourself.

Text 6: Ecotourism

1.While listening to the text for the first time, «shadow» the speaker.

2.Begin writing out words while shadowing. Begin with your name and address, written repeatedly. When writing this text, you should copy from a piece

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of paper placed in front of you. Do not try to write the passage from memory while shadowing the tape.

3.Now your teacher is going to leave gaps in the text, – try to fill them out as you are listening.

4.While shadowing the speaker as in the previous exercises, write down all proper names you hear. Make sure you know the latter.

5.Fill out the gaps in the following sentences with verbs, prepositions and numbers you hear:

a. Visits abroad by UK residents … … …, so that’s from … to … million. b. Visits to Europe … … … .

c. Visits to North America actually … … to … . d. Other visits … … … to a total of … million.

e. The green travel market in the UK now is worth … million pounds. f. A market that is likely to … … … .

g. A study was carried out on the UK ecotourism market on a sample of … people.

6.Translate the following into English:

a.Экотуризм – туризм, включающий путешествия в места с относительно нетронутой природой, с целью получить представление о природных

икультурно-этнографических особенностях данной местности, который не нарушает при этом целостности экосистем и создает такие экономические условия, при которых охрана природы и природных ресурсов становится выгодной для местного населения.

b.«Зелёный камуфляж» – форма экологического маркетинга, в которой обширно применяется «зелёный» пиар и методы, цель которых – ввести потребителя в заблуждение относительно целей организации или производителя в экологичности продукции или услуги, представить их в благоприятном свете. Зелёный камуфляж используется для поддержания имиджа экологически-ориентированной компании, получения политической поддержки, увеличения продаж.

7.Begin interpreting from the source language to the target language recording yourself.

Text 7: Culinary Repertoire in Britain

1. While listening to the text for the first time, «shadow» the speaker: repeat everything the speaker says.

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2.Begin writing out your favorite poem while shadowing. When writing this text, you should copy from a piece of paper placed in front of you. Do not try to write from memory while shadowing the tape.

3.Now your teacher is going to leave gaps in the text, – try to fill them out as you are listening.

4.Match the following words to make up phrases:

5. What do the following figures refer to?

6. Begin interpreting from the source language to the target language recording yourself.

Tapescripts

Marmite

This is a speech about a condiment that everybody is familiar with in this country, and it’s called marmite.

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Ladies and gentlemen,

I want to talk to you about marmite, which is a condiment or a spread that everybody in this country has heard of, but nobody abroad has ever heard of or tasted, and if they taste it, they think it’s horrible. It’s a very salty, dark-colored spread, it’s dark brown, and people generally spread it on their bread. So I want to tell you a little bit about the history of this product called marmite, because it doesn’t seem to exist anywhere else in the world except Australia, but in Australia it’s known by a different name, which is vegemite.

So the history of marmite dates back to the year 1866, and that is when a German chemist by the name of Joseph Liebig discovered that a byproduct of the brewing process to make beer could be used to create this dark-brown spread that was full of protein and it tasted quite meaty. So, the main ingredient in marmite in fact is yeast, it’s brewer’s yeast that’s used as I said to help ferment the beer. And that is how the marmite industry started in the UK, and it was installed in that region of the country where beer was brewed. Gradually marmite became more and more successful, and it was particularly boosted in 1916 with the discovery of vitamins, these amazing substances, without which we cannot stay alive and which are very important to our health. And it was discovered that marmite was very rich in a group of vitamins which are the B-vitamins, so that boosted sales of the product.

Marmite came to be marketed in very distinctive glass jars, so that dark glass jars – a special shape with a yellow lid, and over the years there have been a number of marketing campaigns to attract consumers to this product, and a very famous one started in 1996, and this was called the «love-it-hate-it» campaign. You might wonder why they chose that angle to try to market a product, why did they use the words «hate it» in the marketing campaign. That’s because generally speaking if you ask people about marmite, they are very divided, opinion is polarized, – people either love it, and will eat vast quantities of it, or they think it’s the most disgusting thing ever, and, as I hinted earlier, if you ever give marmite to a foreigner to taste, they will usually think it is absolutely revolting, but that’s because they use too much, you have to spread marmite very thinly, because it’s so strong and so salty.

So that was the «love-it-hate-it» campaign in 1996, and since then the company has been branching out into different products that have that marmitey flavor, for instance they now produce marmite-flavored crisps. So, to conclude, if you haven’t ever tried marmite, it is a quintessentially British product, and I would urge you to taste it. It’s not to everybody’s taste, as I said, but if you like it, it can be very versatile, and you don’t just have to spread it on your toast with butter, you can use it in cooking, for instance, to replace stock in soups or to give a bit more taste to vegetarian dishes.

Thank you!

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Growing Rhubarb

Ladies and gentlemen,

This is a speech about rhubarb, and in particular about growing rhubarb in Yorkshire, and a practice called forcing rhubarb which means growing it in the dark. Rhubarb is homely, rhubarb is comforting food, it's very British, but in fact its origins are thought to lie a long way away. Rhubarb comes from a more exotic location, – it is rooted on the banks of the river Volga in Russia, and it arrived in Britain in the late 16th century, but it was a long time after that that rhubarb first made its appearance on the dinner plates of this country.

Now, the practice of forcing rhubarb, which means growing it in the dark, didn't start until the early 19th century. And this was when a Chelsea gardener made a chance discovery. He happened to leave a chimney pot over one of his rhubarb plants, and he found that when you deprived rhubarb of light in this way, it made the stems shoot up towards the light, and this created a very succulenttasting product. Forced rhubarb is infinitely more delicate than a normal outdoor type that you could grow in your back garden.

Let me say something then about the technique of forcing rhubarb, how does it work. Well, you grow your outdoor rhubarb for two or three years in the field, and then the roots, which are also known as the crown, are replanted in a shed. So, they are replanted in a long low building which is kept in the dark, and there the rhubarb is kept warm and moist, as the shoots are forming. And the shoots come up seeking the light with such forcefulness, that you can practically hear them. And the telltale sign of forced rhubarb is its incredible color, – it's very vibrant, delicate pink color, very pleasing to the eye. It only takes a few weeks for the rhubarb to be ready for harvesting, and you should know that you eat the stems of rhubarb, you can't eat the leaves because they are poisonous. And as with every other stage of this weird and wonderful plant, nothing can be mechanized, everything has to be done by hand. So, nimble fingers pick these luscious pink stocks in the dark, they pick them by candle lights, so it's very Victorian in style, in order to protect the younger stems that are still growing. And then the plants keep growing in the sheds right up to the end of March when the outdoor variety of rhubarb becomes available.

Now I wanted to tell you about rhubarb growing in Yorkshire. Rhubarb has traditionally been grown in a small area of West Yorkshire known as the Wakefield Triangle, and the corners are Wakefield, Leeds and York. And there are very good reasons for that, which I will explain to you now. First of all, for rhubarb to force well, the roots need an especially cold autumn, and that's one of the reasons why rhubarb growing became established in Yorkshire in the 1880s. What actually happens is that the colder temperatures break the plants' dormancy earlier than in other parts of the country, so that meant that the crop could make it to market sooner than elsewhere in the country. Other advantages that Yorkshire had were the right kind of soil, also the ready availability of coal from the local

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pits which you needed to heat the forcing sheds for the rhubarb to grow in, and also good transport links, so this explains why the Wakefield Triangle was so successful at growing rhubarb. And in its heyday there were around two hundred rhubarb growers in this area, and they would take tons of rhubarb to be carried to cities down south on the train which was called «the rhubarb express». But now there are only twelve growers left, unfortunately, the industry is being dealt a severe blow by imports of exotic fruits, and also rhubarb has become too expensive for many to grow.

So, there we have it, I won't say very much more except to give you a little bit of advice on how you can enjoy your rhubarb. Obvious dishes are desserts, such as rhubarb tarts, rhubarb fool, or rhubarb crumble, because rhubarb is usually treated as a fruit, and it's cooked with a little bit of sugar, and perhaps some flavoring like lemon or cinnamon, but in fact, technically rhubarb is a vegetable, and you can treat it as a vegetable, and it's much more versatile, than just an ingredient for desserts. So, something else that you can do with it is to serve it as a sort of chutney or a compote alongside meat, and it's particularly good with venison I understand, thank you.

Carbon Offsetting

This is a speech about global warming and something called carbon offsetting, – a measure that people can take to try and reduce their impact on CO2 emissions.

Ladies and gentlemen,

I think, in the past few years there has been a noticeable increase in people’s environmental awareness in this country. And I think above all we seem pangs of conscience in the liberal middle classes, is there really anything practical that people can do to reduce their carbon footprint as it’s known, in other words, their impact on the environment in terms of how many greenhouse gases they emit? Well, one of the things that you can do is to become involved in a carbon offsetting scheme, and there are many companies that operate this type of scheme. So let me try and explain how they work. What these companies do is to calculate your «carbon footprint» which is the equivalent carbon dioxide emissions that you are responsible for over the course of the year because of your activities, so, for instance, driving a car, or using your central heating in your home, or taking public transport. So they calculate how many tons or what fraction of a ton of CO2 you personally emit in a year, and you can then offset your carbon footprint for the whole year, or you can do it, for instance, for each flight that you take, because flights are particularly damaging to the environment. So, in a nutshell, what you do is pay the company money to offset your carbon emissions, to make up for your «sins» for that year, and that company then invests the money, invests the funds into projects that soak up carbon, or that produce energy from renewable sources, and in theory it should be an equivalent amount of energy to

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what you have emitted. So let me give you some examples of such projects that these companies invest in. It could be tree planting, that’s a very popular one, or small hydroelectric projects in developing countries, or energy efficiency projects. So, this seems like a very praiseworthy initiative to try to reduce our impact on the environment, something that many of us could do if we can afford to do it, and indeed more and more people are doing it. They are offsetting the costs of their leisure flights, so when they go on holiday, they end up paying another, let’s say, five pounds, to offset those carbon emissions. But there are concerns about carbon offsetting schemes, and I want to cover some of these, and look at tree planting in more detail. The first problem is that the industry isn’t regulated, so there may well be some burger schemes out there, and also there’s a tremendous lack of transparency. If you go on the Internet and go to several companies that offer carbon offsetting schemes, they all somehow seem to offer something different, so they’ll say if you fly to Brussels it costs five pounds to offset, that’s what one company will say, another one will say nine pounds, you don’t really know where you stand.

Next, I want to talk about tree planting schemes, because there are some offsetting schemes that cause more harm, than they do good. Now, what’s the idea behind tree planting? Well, the idea is that they reduce atmospheric emissions of carbon dioxide, because, as you know, plants are involved in the process called photosynthesis, so they generate oxygen, as opposed to CO2. And also, if you plant trees, this is supposed to cool the planet by evaporating water to the atmosphere and by increasing cloudiness. And so this increase cloud reflects radiation from the sun back into space, so it helps to cool the planet. But this isn’t always a straightforward process. At high latitudes in particular this benefit can be outweighed by the trees’ capacity to trap heat and to store it near the ground, because the trees are dark, and they absorb a lot of sunlight. So, climate benefits, if you planted a lot of new trees, would be virtually nil in the US and in Europe, it’s only really tropical latitudes that tree planting on a large scale could have benefits for climate change. And in fact, in those regions of the world that are covered in snow seasonally, new trees could actually be counterproductive, because the snow is beneficial, it reflects radiation from the sun and it cools down the atmosphere. And there are other concerns about planting trees on a large scale. For instance, if you have large monoculture plantations, all the same tree, which tends to be pine or eucalyptus, then reduces biodiversity. It could lead to displacement of persons, it could lead to social disruption.

Other issues are that there are effects downstream, if you plant trees. Studies have shown that trees reduce the flow of water in streams, and that thirteen percent of the streams dry out within a year after you’ve planted new trees. And planting new trees also affects the nutrients in the soil, so the soil can become depleted in nutrients such as calcium or potassium, or magnesium. Anyway, it’s a

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short-term fix. When the trees die, they rot, and then they emit all their carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere.

So, so much for tree planting. I want to come to the biggest concern about carbon offsetting schemes, and this is a concern that is expressed by environmental organizations, such as «Friends of the Earth». They say, carbon offsetting is a smokescreen to avoid cutting emissions, it’s like a permission to pollute. People say, oh, it’s alright, I’ll fly to Malaga on holiday, because I’ve paid to offset my flight. What the government actually needs to do, and what we need to do, is to focus on cutting emissions, not emitting greenhouses gases in the first place, if we want to have an effect on climate change. So the situation today is that the government has launched a consultation on a voluntary code of conduct for these carbon offsetting schemes, and the government has a «gold standard», and currently not many of the schemes meet that gold standard, but I think, more importantly, more needs to be done to encourage people on other fronts, so that they cut their emissions, as opposed to just offsetting them.

Thank you!

Young Drivers

This is a speech about driving, about young drivers in particular, why they are more dangerous drivers.

Ladies and gentlemen,

I saw on the news this morning that there is going to be a shake-up of the driving test in the UK, and the driving test has existed for fifty years. This is the first time that such radical proposals are being made. The target of these changes really are young drivers, and this is because young drivers are more likely to be injured or killed on the roads than older drivers. Every year in this country some three thousand young people under the age of 25 are injured or killed on our roads, so one of the proposals is that from now on young people under the age of 20 won’t be allowed to drive at night, and they won’t be allowed to carry teenage passengers in their cars.

So I want to talk, first of all, about some of the reasons why young drivers are more dangerous on the roads, and then I’m going to talk a little about some of the extra training that can be offered to try to minimize the risk involved when young drivers go out on the roads.

First of all then to the reasons, why are young drivers more dangerous. Well, I think there’s a perception sometimes that young drivers are more reckless on the roads, they are more likely to take risks when they drive, and young men in particular can be aggressive drivers, a little bit testosterone-fueled, and when they pass their driving license, they like to show off to their friends and take them out for a spin in a car. So that’s one side of things, but there are two other reasons why young drivers can be more dangerous. One is that sometimes they are simply ignorant of some of the risks that they are exposed to. For instance, they don’t

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always know the risks that are associated with using drugs and driving. I’m thinking particularly here of smoking cannabis, for instance. I think the risks of alcohol are well known, but the risk associated with smoking cannabis which can severely impair your reflexes, are less well known. And the third reason is that a teenager’s brain has not matured in the same way as an adult brain, and believe me, I’m not just saying this, there is a research to substantiate it, so the research shows that the brain of a teenager can’t assimilate all the process, all the information on what’s happening on the road in the same way as an adult’s could, and this means, for instance, that teenagers are less good at looking ahead on the road to see what’s coming, they’re more likely to look just a few feet ahead or a few yards ahead of their bumper, but they’re not aware of everything that’s happening around them on the road, and they’re not always aware of all the hazards that are developing around them.

So those are the three reasons why young drivers are more dangerous on the roads. Now, as to solutions, there are some driving schools that offer special, more advanced training for teenagers, and a lot of this training is computer-based. And it offers them extra training and hazard perception, so that they get used to and they train their ability to see hazards developing, for instance, a pedestrian who’s about to cross the road, or a car that suddenly pulls out in front of them. At the same time these schools offer special talks to the young people about particular topics important for road safety, so things like the effects of drugs, or how to deal with emergency vehicles, what if they hear a siren behind them, for instance, an ambulance there’s been driven along behind them at high speed. And a third type of training that’s offered is eye scanning, so while the trainee drivers are in a simulator or on a simulated program on a computer to practice their driving, their eyes are being scanned to check that they are looking far enough ahead and that they’re seeing all the hazards developing on the road. So there is advanced training of this type available, and it takes you up to something like GCSE level in driving, that’s quite different from your normal driver training or driving school.

And to conclude I would say that I think this is a very good idea, and that it should be available not just to young drivers, but to everybody, because for example when I learnt to drive, I passed my test having never driven on a motorway, or having never driven in the dark, at night. But as soon as I had my license, those were the things that I was very likely to do, and I felt quite nervous, so I think it would be a good idea for everybody to follow this advanced type of driver training. Thank you!

Commencement address by Steve Jobs

I am honored to be with you today at your commencement from one of the finest universities in the world. I never graduated from college. Truth be told, this is the closest I've ever gotten to a college graduation. Today I want to tell you three stories from my life. That's it. No big deal. Just three stories.

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