Index

A

Abdomino-scrotal hydrocele, 410, 413 Acute epididymitis, 560, 610–612 Acute scrotum

acute epididymitis, 610–612 bacterial epididymitis, 611 causes, 613–614

common causes, 601 differential diagnosis, 601

idiopathic scrotal edema, 612–613 orchitis, 610

testicular torsion, 601–608 testicular trauma, 613

torsion of testicular appendices/epididymal appendage

appendix testis, 608 clinical features, 609

clinical investigations, 609–610 diagrammatic representation, 608, 609 embryology, 609

epididymal appendix, 608 incidence, 608

treatment, 609–610 Adrenal rests, 588

AIS. See Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) Alagille syndrome, 180

5-Alpha reductase deficiency (5ARD), 638, 656, 672–673

Ambiguous genitalia. See Disorder of sex development (DSD)

Amyand’s hernia, 406, 407 Anatomical/gonadal sex, 638 Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)

CAIS

amenorrhea, 667 inguinal hernias, 666–669

receptor-negative type, 666 receptor-positive type, 666 symptoms, 638, 665

diagnosis, 665, 667 gonadectomy, 666–668 hormone replacement, 668 malignant tumors, 665–667

mild androgen insensitivity syndrome, 670 PAIS

clinical photographs, 669 diagnosis, 669, 670 symptoms, 638, 668 treatment, 670

pathophysiology, 665 Angiomyolipoma

classification, 157–158 clinical features, 158 diagnosis, 158–159 histopathology, 157 incidence, 156–157 treatment and prognosis, 159

Antenatal hydronephrosis antibiotic prophylaxis, 68 bilateral, 67–68

diuretic renography, 67 fetal, 65, 66

infants, management of, 67 moderate and mild unilateral, 68 pathological causes, 66 postnatal radiology, 66–67

risk of, 65–66 severe unilateral, 68 severity, 66, 67

surgical management, 68–69 systematic review, 66 Tc99m MAG3, 67 ultrasonography, 66

VCUG, 67 vesicoureteral reflux, 65

Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) effect, 287–291, 530, 531, 538, 643, 648, 654–655, 674, 676, 677

Aphallia, 683

Aposthia, 683

Ascent testis, 531, 534

Aspiration and irrigation procedure, 519–522 Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), 8, 10, 18, 179

Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD), 8, 10, 12, 18, 179

B

Bacterial epididymitis, 611

Bardet-Biedl syndrome, 621–623, 625

Bartter syndrome, 274, 282

Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS), 105, 112, 180 Bell-clapper deformity, 553, 554, 603

Berdon syndrome. See Megacystis-microcolon-intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome (MMIH syndrome)

Bilateral nonpalpable testes, 529–530 Bilateral vanishing testes, 684 Bladder

abnormalities agenesis, 32

clinical photographs, 22, 27 cloacal exstrophy, 22, 25, 26, 28 diverticulum, 26, 27, 30, 31 duplication, 32

ears, 30, 32 megacystis, 32–34

persistent urachus, 26, 28–31 septation, 32

Bladder exstrophy-epispadias anatomical defects

bladder exstrophy, 339–340 cloacal extrophy, 340 epispadias, 340

exstrophy variants, 341

cloacal exstrophy (see Cloacal exstrophy) congenital abnormalities, 337

definition, 337 embryology, 341–342 epispadias

complete, 342, 343 etiology, 343–344 female, 348–349 glanular, 343, 344 incidence, 342 isolated, 342 penile, 344, 345 penopubic, 344, 345 prognosis, 349–350

surgical repair, male, 347–351 treatment, 345–347

exstrophy (see Bladder exstrophy) incidence, 338

manifestation, 338 musculoskeletal defects, 341 neurologic defects, 341 phallus, 339–340

staged repair, 338 Bladder extrophy

associated anomalies, 354–355 classic bladder, 353–354

cloacal exstrophy, part of, 350–353 diagnosis, 351

management and evaluation antibiotics, 356

bladder augmentation, 359 bladder neck reconstruction, 359 cardiac echo, 356

CPRE, 357

early bladder closure, 357 latex precautions, 356

Mitchell technique, 357 modified Bryant’s traction, 357 modified Buck’s traction, 357 MSRE, 358–359

Mummy wrapping, 357 pelvic osteotomies, 357

postoperative complications, 360 prevalence, 350

radiological evaluation, 353 repair, 352–353

risk factors, 350

surgical technique, 355–356 treatment goals, 352

Bosniak classification, 11

Branchio-oto-renal (BOR) syndrome, 175, 180 Busse’s hernia, 405, 406

Byer’s flaps, 464, 465, 471

C

CAH. See Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) CAIS. See Complete androgen-insensitivity

syndrome (CAIS) Canal of Nuck hydroceles, 412

Children’s Oncology Group staging system, 580, 581 Chordee without hypospadias, 454

Circumplast circumcision, 488, 489, 494 Clear cell sarcoma of the kidney (CCSK)

clinical features, 140 definition, 138 diagnosis, 140 histopathology, 140–141

pathophysiology, 139–140 prognosis, 142

treatment, 141–142

Clitoromegaly, 39, 40, 625, 652, 658, 684–685 Cloacal anomalies

associated anomalies

anorectal malformations, 383 Currarino triad, 383

genital anomalies, 384

sacrum and spine anomalies, 383 tethered cord, 383

urogenital anomaly, 383 vaginal/uterine septation, 384

classification

long common channel, 384 short common channel, 384

clinical features

abdominal distension, 384, 385 Currarino triad, 385

distended vagina, 385 hydrocolpos, 384, 385 hydronephrosis, 385

persistent cloaca diagnosis, 384, 385 common single perineal opening, 381, 382 definition, 381

incidence, 381 investigations

abdominal ultrasonography, 386

cystoscopy and vaginoscopy, 386, 387 distal loopogram, 386, 387 echocardiography, 386

MRI, 386, 388

sacral ratio calculations, 386 sacrum plain radiography, 386 spinal ultrasonography, 386 spine plain radiography, 386

management

abdominal approach, 387–389 bowel, 390

colostomy, 387–390

cystoscopy and vaginoscopy, 390 dilated sigmoid colon, 389 goals, 387

hydrometrocolpos, 388

intermittent catheterization, 390–391 laparotomy, 388, 389

Mitrofanoff procedure, 390, 391 prognostic factors, 390 PSARVUP, 387–388

stages, 387–388 surgical treatment, 388

total urogenital mobilization, 389 Cloacal exstrophy, 532, 535

anomalies, 360, 361 abdominal wall musculature

deficiency, 418

bladder augmentation, 418–420 double and absent appendix, 418 gastrointestinal duplications, 418 lower extremity, 418

short bowel syndrome, 418 spinal and skeletal, 417–418 tallipes equinovarus, 418 upper urinary tract, 418 urological malformations, 418

anorectal agenesis, 362, 417 associated anomalies

cardiovascular and pulmonary, 365 gastrointestinal, 365

mullerian and testicular, 365 neurospinal, 365

spinal and skeletal, 364 upper urinary tract, 365

clinical features, 366–367

ileo-cecal region, 415, 416, 418–419 prolapsed bowel, 420

prolapsing terminal ileum, 419 ureteric catheters, 420

complications, 372 components, 415, 416 embryology, 416–417 etiology, 363, 415 genitalia, 415

management, 366–368, 419–421 OEIS complex, 360 omphalocele absence, 417 pathogenesis, 363–364, 415 prenatal diagnosis, 364

prevalence, 360, 415 prognosis, 371 skeletal changes, 363

surgical reconstruction, 370–371 surgical repair, 368–370

urinary incontinence management, 371 Cobb’s collar, 427

Combined 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase deficiency, 685

Communicating hydroceles, 411, 412 Complete androgen-insensitivity

syndrome (CAIS) amenorrhea, 667 inguinal hernias, 666–669

receptor-negative type, 666 receptor-positive type, 666 symptoms, 638, 665

Complete Primary Repair of Exstrophy (CPRE), 357 Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)

3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency, 663

biochemical defect, 659

clinical photographs, 636, 637, 660, 661 diagnosis, 660

11-hydroxylase deficiency, 663

21-hydroxylase deficiency, 659, 660, 662–663 incidence, 660

maternal androgens, 664 metabolic defects, 660 mineralocorticoteroids, 660 prenatal diagnosis, 660 salt-wasting nephropathy, 660 symptoms, 638

treatment, 664–665 urogenital sinus, 660–662

Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT), 1–2

Congenital megaureter clinical presentation, 225 complications, 234 dilated ureter, 217

investigations and diagnosis, 225–231 non-refluxing/non-obstructed megureter primary megaureter, 218, 222, 225 secondary megaureter, 219, 222

obstructed megaureter

primary megaureter, 219, 220, 222–224 secondary megaureter, 219, 220, 222

refluxing megaureter

primary megaureter, 218, 219, 222, 223 secondary megaureter, 219, 222

refluxing/obstructed megaureter primary megaureter, 222, 224–225 secondary megaureter, 219, 222

treatment and prognosis, 231–234 VUR, 218, 234

Congenital mesoblastic nephroma (CMN). See Mesoblastic nephroma

Congenital obstructing posterior urethral membrane (COPUM), 425

Congenital ureteral anomalies clinical features, 188 duplex (duplicated) system

abdominal and pelvic ultrasound, 194–195 bifid ureters, 191

classification, 192–193 clinical features, 193

complete ureteral duplication, 189, 191–192 complication, 192

CT scanning, 192 CT urography, 195

incomplete ureteral duplication, 189, 191 IVU, 193, 194

micturating cystourethrography, 195 MR urography, 195, 196

nuclear scan, 195 scintigraphy, 192

treatment and prognosis, 195–197 unilateral or bilateral, 189, 190

ectopic ureter association with, 197

bilateral single-system ureteral ectopia, 197 clinical features, 199–200

diagnosis, 200

duplicated renal collecting system, 197 embryology and pathophysiology, 198–199 in females, 197, 198

in males, 197, 198

surgical treatment, 200–202 Weigert-Meyer rule, 197

etiology, 187–188

investigations and diagnosis, 188–189 mega ureter, 212–215

ureterocele (see Ureterocele) VUR, 208–212

Congenital urological malformations bladder

agenesis, 32

clinical photographs, 22, 27 cloacal exstrophy, 22, 25, 26, 28 diverticulum, 26, 27, 30, 31 duplication, 32

ears, 30, 32 megacystis, 32–34

persistent urachus, 26, 28–31 septation, 32

CAKUT, 1–2 ESKD, 1

female external genitalia clitoral hypertrophy, 39–40

distal urethral stenosis, 36–37 female epispadias, 37, 39 labial fusion, 37

urethral prolapse, 40–41 kidney

agenesis, 5–6

crossed fused renal ectopia, 15–17 cysts, 11–12

dysplasia, 8–10

ectopic kidney, 12, 13, 17–18

fusion, 12, 13

horseshoe kidney, 12, 14–15 hypoplasia, 6–7

multicystic kidney, 8–10 polycystic kidney disease, 8, 10 supernumerary kidneys, 7

normal embryology, 2–4 penis and urethra, in males

apenia, 33

congenital urethral stricture, 35, 36 diphallia, 33–34

epispadias, 36, 39–40 hypospadias, 35–38 megalopenis, 34, 35 micopenis, 33–34

posterior urethral valves, 35, 37 ureter

duplication of, 18–20 ectopic ureteral orifice, 20

mega-ureter, obstruction, 21–22, 25, 26 ureteral atresia, 18, 19

ureterocele, 19, 21 ureteropelvic junction, 20–23

Coronal hypospadias, 458, 459 Cryptorchidism. See Undescended testes Cystic dysplasia, 179–181, 589, 590

Cystic partially differentiated nephroblastoma (CPDN), 165–168

Cystourethroscopy, 265, 433

D

Denys-Drash syndrome, 103, 104, 109, 112, 113, 639, 648

Desmopressin (DDAVP), 127

Detrusor external sphincter dyssynergia (DSD), 302 Detrusor hyperreflexia with impaired contractility

(DHIC), 303

Detrusor sphincter dyssynergia with detrusor hyperreflexia (DSD-DH), 298, 302–303

Dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA), 33, 82, 183, 195, 205, 242, 255, 256, 263, 316, 329, 433

Diphallia, 33, 34, 36, 683 Direct inguinal hernia, 405

Disorder of sex development (DSD) Aaronson’s classification, 650 AIS, 638

aphallia, 683 aposthia, 683 5ARD, 638, 672–673

aromatase deficiency, 682–683 aromatase excess syndrome, 683

17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency, 682 bilateral vanishing testes, 684

CAH (see Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)) clinical investigations, 653–655

clinical photographs, 635 clitoris, dermoid cyst, 637 clitoromegaly, 684–685 cloacal exstrophy, 636

combined 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase deficiency, 685

deficient testosterone biosynthesis, 678 definition, 636

diagnosis, 653–655 diphallia, 683

gonads disorders, 650, 651 phenotype disorders, 650

sex chromosomes disorders, 650 dysgenetic DSD, 650

EIS, 685 embryology, 639–642

gonadal dysgenesis, 673–677 imperforated hymen, 637 incidence, 637

isolated 17,20-lyase deficiency, 685 Klinefelter syndrome, 683

Leydig cell hypoplasia, 685 MGD, 638

micropenis, 683–384 MIS, 638

newborn evaluation, 651–653 ovarian DSD, 650 ovotesticular DSD, 650 ovotestis DSD, 679–682 PMDS, 670–672

PPSH, 685

sex chromosome DSDs, 646–647

sexual and gonadal differentiation, 642–645 surgical corrections, 657–659

testicular DSD, 650 treatment, 656–657 triple X syndrome, 683 uterus didelphys, 684

46,XX disorders, 648–649 46,XY disorders, 647–648

Distal penile hypospadias, 458, 460

Distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA), 272, 274–275, 282, 284

Diuretic nuclear renography, 189 Dorsal penile nerve block (DPNB), 482 Down syndrome, 15, 532

DSD. See Disorder of sex development (DSD) Duplex (duplicated) system

abdominal and pelvic ultrasound, 194–195 bifid ureters, 191

classification, 192–193 clinical features, 193

complete ureteral duplication, 189, 191–192 complication, 192

CT scanning, 192 CT urography, 195

incomplete ureteral duplication, 189, 191 IVU, 193, 194

micturating cystourethrography, 195 MR urography, 195, 196

nuclear scan, 195 scintigraphy, 192

treatment and prognosis, 195–197 unilateral or bilateral, 189, 190

DYG (The Double Y Glanuloplasty) procedure, 467 Dysgenetic male pseudohermaphroditism (DMP),

673, 676

Dysgenetic testis, 343, 531, 533, 646–648, 650, 655, 673–674, 676, 677

E

Ectopic kidney, 4, 16–18, 72, 181, 355, 622 Ectopic testicles, 529, 531, 533

Ectopic ureter association with, 197

bilateral single-system ureteral ectopia, 197 clinical features, 199–200

diagnosis, 200

duplicated renal collecting system, 197 embryology and pathophysiology, 198–199 in females, 197, 198

in males, 197, 198

surgical treatment, 200–202 Weigert-Meyer rule, 197

Encysted hydroceles, 412 Endocrine emergency situation, 635

End stage renal disease (ESRD), 2, 7, 241, 425, 427, 434

Epididymal appendage acute scrotal pain, 566 appendix testis, 608 clinical features, 567, 609

clinical investigations, 567–568, 609–610 diagrammatic representation, 566, 608, 609 embryology, 567, 609

epididymal appendix, 608 incidence, 566, 608 symptoms, 566

treatment, 567–568, 609–610 Epididymo-orchitis, 199, 554, 555, 559, 601, 610 Estrogen insensitivity syndrome (EIS), 685

European Society for Pediatric Endocrinology (ESPE), 645, 646

Extravaginal torsion

clinical and intraoperative photographs, 556, 557, 562

clinical features, 562–565 etiology of, 562 treatment, 563–566

Extravesical detrusorrhaphy, 266, 267

F

Familial hypomagnesemia with hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis (FHHNC), 272, 282, 284

Female epispadias diagnosis, 348 incidence, 348 prognosis, 349 surgical repair, 349

Female pseudohermaphrodites. See Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)

Foley’s catheter, 282, 369, 472, 474, 629

Hypercalciuria, 273–274 Hypoplastic testis, 531, 533 Hypospadias

chordee shape, 451–453

chordee without hypospadias, 454 classification

coronal, 458, 459 distal penile, 458, 460 glandular, 458 midshaft, 458, 460 penoscrotal, 458, 461 perineal, 458, 462

proximal penile, 458, 461 subcoronal, 458, 459

clinical features

abnormal prepuce and normal meatus, 464 ectopic meatus on surface of penis, 462, 463 glanular groove, 462, 463

hooded foreskin, 463 MIP, 463

severe chordee, 463 cosmetics, 454

curvature of the penis, 452, 453 definition, 451

DSD, 457

ectopic urethral meatus, 452 effects, 455

embryology, 455–456 etiology, 456 hypospadiologists, 454 incidence, 451

lack of prepuce, 452

mild vesicoureteral reflux, 457 MIP, 451, 454, 456, 463, 487 postoperative complications

deviated penis, 475 hairy urethra, 474–475 immediate, 473 long-term, 474

meatal stenosis, 474 urethral diverticula, 474, 475 urethral strictures, 474

urethrocutaneous fistula, 473, 474 postoperative penis, 454

prostatic utricle, 457 repair, 454–455

scrotal transposition, 453 treatment

Byer’s flaps, 464, 465 glanular hypospadias, 467 HCG, 464

hormonal therapy, 464, 466 LABO technique, 468 lateral based flap, 468 Mathieu technique, 468 middle hypospadias, 467

posterior hypospadias, 468, 471 posthypospadias repair, 466, 467 psychological effect, 464, 466 surgical repair, 464, 465

testosterone injection, 464 TIP procedure, 467–470, 472 urethroplasty, 467, 468

undescended testes, 455–457 urinary diversion, 472 winged prepuce, 452

Hypovirilization, 570

Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT) deficiency, 278, 384

I

Idiopathic hypercalciuria, 273, 274, 279, 283 Idiopathic scrotal edema, 554, 560, 601, 612–613 Imperforate hymen, 619–621

Incarcerated inguinal hernia, 403, 404, 601, 613, 614 Indirect inguinal hernia, 353, 401, 404–405

Inguinal hernias

Amyand’s hernia, 406, 407 Busse’s hernia, 405, 406 clinical features, 403–404 complications

hydrocele formation and recurrence, 410 hypesthesia, 410

iatrogenic cryptorchidism, 410 incarceration, 406–408 infertility, 410

metachronous contralateral hernia, 410 scrotal hematoma, 410

strangulation, 408, 409 testicular atrophy, 410 wound infection, 410

direct, 405 etiology, 402–403 incidence, 401–402 indirect, 404–405 Littre’s hernia, 405 Maydl’s hernia, 406

Richter’s hernia, 405 sliding, 405 treatment, 408

International Classification System for VUR, 246–247

International Society of Pediatric

Oncology (SIOP), 103, 107, 113, 121, 124 Intersex. See Disorder of sex development (DSD) Intratubular germ cell neoplasia (ITGCN), 572 Intrauterine testicular torsion, 529, 533, 562,

602, 608

Intravenous pyelography (IVP), 32, 81, 183, 268, 280 Intravenous urography (IVU), 58, 60

duplex (duplicated) system, 193, 194 ectopic ureter, 200

PUJ obstruction, 81, 83

Ischemic priapism. See Low flow priapism Isolated 17,20-lyase deficiency, 685

J

Juvenile granulosa cell tumors, 572, 576, 587, 588

K

Kallmann’s syndrome, 35, 532 Khitan. See Male circumcision Kidney

abnormalities agenesis, 5–6

crossed fused renal ectopia, 15–17 cysts, 11–12

dysplasia, 8–10

ectopic kidney, 12, 13, 17–18 fusion, 12, 13

horseshoe kidney, 12, 14–15 hypoplasia, 6–7

multicystic kidney, 8–10 polycystic kidney disease, 8, 10 supernumerary kidneys, 7

Klinefelter syndrome, 538, 577, 578, 646, 650, 683

L

Lateral Based Onlay (LABO) technique, 468 Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome, 532

Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society (LWPES), 645, 646

Leydig cell hypoplasia, 678, 685

Leydig cell tumor, 569, 570, 575, 587–588 Lich-Gregoire repair, 266, 267

Littre’s hernia, 405 Low flow priapism

causes, 502, 504–506, 508 characteristic features, 508 corpora cavernosa, 507 diagnosis, 508 management, 503

pain, 508

permanent cavernosal structural damage, 503 SCD, 513, 514

treatment, 503, 510–511 venous drainage, 507

M

Magnetic resonance urography (MRU), 16, 62–64, 82, 189, 192, 196, 200, 205, 257

MAGPI (Meatal Advancement Glanduloplasty Incorporated) procedure, 467

Male circumcision anatomy, 479–480 benefits, 478 complications, 479

bleeding, 492–493, 496 concealed penis, 493, 497 gangrene glans penis, 493, 499 incomplete circumcision, 493, 499 infection, 493

meatal stenosis, 493, 496 pain, 492

psychological effects, 494 retained plastibel, 493, 498 sexual effects, 493–494

skin bridges, 493, 498 skin chordee, 493, 498

unsatisfactory cosmetic appearance, 493, 497 urethral fistula, 493, 499

definition, 477 devices used, 479

formal surgical circumcision, 478 history

Africans, 480, 481 Arabian Peninsula, 480 Christianity, 481 Egypt, 480

Encyclopedia Britannica, 482 Great Britain, 481

HIV infection, 482

Jewish and Islamic faiths, 480 Judaism, 480

masturbation, 481 Mediterraneans, 480 Middle Eastern, 480 Muslim males, 480 Oceania, 480 Philippines, 481

religious significance, 481 United States, 481

indications balanitis/posthitis, 483

contraindications, 485–486

HPV and cervical cancer management, 485 medical, 483

paraphimosis, 483 penile cancer, 485 phimosis, 483

STDs management, 484 UTIs management, 484

pain management, 482 pathophysiology, 479

plastibel circumcision, 478, 479 prevalence, 477–478

surgical procedure

bone cutter, 488, 489 circumplast, 489, 494 epispadias, 487

Gomco clamp, 490, 495 hypospadias, 487, 488 interventions, 486 megameatus, 487, 488 Mogen clamp, 490, 495 open, 486

oral acetaminophen/paracetamol, 486 plastibel circumcision, 488–494 portable bipolar diathermy, 489, 493 Shang ring, 490, 496

Malignant rhabdoid tumor (MRT) chromosome 22, 143

clinical features, 145–146 definition, 143

diagnosis and diagnosis, 146–149 etiology, 144

histologic findings, 144–145

mortality/morbidity, 150 pathophysiology, 144 presentation, 144

treatment and outcome, 149–150 Mathieu technique, 468

Maydl’s hernia, 406 Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser (MRKH) syndrome,

621–623

MCDK. See Multi cystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK) McKusick-Kaufman syndrome, 623, 625

Median umbilical ligament, 2, 4, 393 Megacystis-microcolon-intestinal hypoperistalsis

syndrome (MMIH syndrome) associated anomalies, 376–378 clinical features, 376

definition, 373

dilated stomach, 374, 376–378 dilated urinary balder, 374, 376–378 etiology, 374–376

hydronephrosis, 373, 374, 376 lower contrast enema, 375 prenatal diagnosis, 373, 376 prognosis, 377

treatment

ileostomy, 377, 379

multi-organ transplantation, 377, 378 multivisceral transplantation, 378 vesicostomy, 377

Megameatus with intact prepuce (MIP), 451, 454, 456, 463, 487

Mega ureter, 21, 22, 187, 212–215 Mesoblastic nephroma

CBC, 137 classification, 133–134

clinical features, 136–137 CT-scan, 137, 138 definition, 132 differential diagnosis, 132 epidemiology, 134 histopathology, 134–136 live function tests, 137 MRI, 137–138

paraneoplastic syndromes, 132 plain radiograph, 137 prognosis, 138

serum electrolyte, BUN and creatinine, 137

treatment, 138 ultrasound, 137

Mesonephros, 2, 3, 174, 198, 596 Metanephric adenoma (MA)

clinical features, 164–165 diagnosis, 164

histologic analysis, 163–164 histopathology, 164 treatment, 165

Metanephros, 2–4, 17, 174

Micropenis, 34–36, 485, 538, 625, 652, 654, 668, 683–685

Micturating cystourethrogram (MCU), 58–61

Micturating cystourethrogram (MCUG), 205, 435, 440 Micturition function, 296, 299

Midshaft hypospadias, 458, 460, 467, 468 Mild androgen insensitivity syndrome, 670, 683 Mitrofanoff technique, 390, 391, 437, 440 Mixed germ cell tumors, 571, 574, 575, 587

Mixed gonadal dysgenesis (MGD), 638, 646, 647, 651, 654, 674, 676

Mogen clamp, 479, 482, 486, 488, 490, 495 Moorman’s ring. See Cobb’s collar Müllerian duct cyst, 445, 448–449

Mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS) deficiency, 638 Multi cystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK), 8, 9, 52–54

associated anomalies, 180–181 bilateral, 173, 174 classification, 179

clinical features, 182 complication, 174 embryology, 174–175

etiology and pathophysiology, 175 histologic findings, 175–178 investigations, 182–184

natural history of, 178–179 noncommunicating cysts, 173, 174 treatment, 183–185

unilateral, 173, 174

Multilocular cystic renal tumor (MCRT) abdominal ultrasound and CT-scan findings, 167 calcification, 168

CPDN, 165, 166

cystic nephroma, 165–167 differential diagnosis, 166 gross features, 167 microscopic features, 167 modification, 165 treatment, 168

Mummy wrapping, 357

N

NBSD. See Neurogenic bladder sphincter dysfunction (NBSD)

Neurogenic bladder sphincter dysfunction (NBSD) acquired causes, 295

anticholinergics Fesoterodine, 318 oxybutynin, 317–318 Tolterodine L-tartrate, 318 Trospium, 318

Botulinum A toxin injections, 318 classification of, 313, 314

clean intermittent catheterization, 316–317 congenital neural tube defects, 295 conservative management of, 295 detrusor muscle, 295

etiology and clinical features advantages, 306 anticholinergic drugs, 305 causes, 304

cerebral palsy, 307–309

Neurogenic bladder sphincter dysfunction (NBSD) (cont.) clean intermittent catheterization, 305

detrusor areflexia, 303 detrusor hyperreflexia, 302 detrusor instability, 303 DHIC, 303

DSD, 302 DSD-DH, 302–303

myelomeningocele, 304, 305 neurogenic dysfunction, 304 occult spinal dysraphism, 306–307 outflow obstruction, 303 overactive bladder, 303

peripheral neuropathy, 304 sacral agenesis, 307, 308 sacral cord injury, 304 surgical procedures, 306 traumatic injuries, spine, 309 urinary retention, 303

investigations and diagnosis, 310–313 management, 314–316

medical management, 296 pathophysiological changes of, 301–302 risk factors, 296

surgical management, 320–321 tricyclic antidepressant drugs, 318–320 urinary bladder (see Urinary bladder) urinary sphincter, 295

urodynamic assessment, 295, 296

Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (ηAChR), 375 Noncommunicating hydroceles, 411–412

Nonischemic priapism. See High-flow priapism Non-refluxing/non-obstructed megureter, 217, 222 Noonan syndrome, 532

O

Obstructed megaureter, 217, 218, 221–222, 231 Occult spinal dysraphism, 306–307

OEIS complex. See Cloacal exstrophy Oligomeganephronia, 6–7, 18 Omphaloceles, 365, 532, 535

Open antireflux surgery, 265, 266, 268 Orchidopexy, 527, 529, 538, 539, 541 Orchitis, 610

Ovotestis DSD, 679–682

P

PAIS. See Partial androgen insensitivity syndrome (PAIS)

Pampiniform venous plexus, 545

Partial androgen insensitivity syndrome (PAIS) clinical photographs, 669

diagnosis, 669, 670 symptoms, 638, 668 treatment, 670

Partial androgen resistance, 656

Partial gonadal dysgenesis, 647, 648, 651, 655, 673, 675 Patent urachuss, 395–397

Pelviureteric junction (PUJ) obstruction abdominal CT-scan, 82, 89 abdominal MRI, 82, 85

abdominal radiograph, 81 abdominal ultrasound, 81, 82 clinical features, 76–80 definition, 71

diagnosis, 71

diagrammatic representation, 71, 72 diuretic renography, 82, 83, 85, 86 embryology, 73

etiology

primary causes, 74, 75 secondary causes, 74–77

follow-up, 97–98 incidence, 71

intermittent UPJ obstruction, 81 intravenous urography, 81, 83 intrinsic, causes of, 71–72 newborns, management of, 88–89 pathophysiology, 73–74 post-operative complications, 97–98 prenatal evaluation, 79–80

pressure flow studies, 87–88 retrograde/antegrade pyelography, 86–87 serum electrolytes, BUN and creatinine, 81 treatment

asymptomatic patients, 90–92 balloon dilatations, 95–97 endopyeloplasty:, 95 endoscopic treatment, 94–95 laparoscopic pyeloplasty, 93–94 open surgical therapy, 91–93 patients selection, 89 ureterocalicostomy, 95

urine analysis and culture, 81 urological anomalies, 72 VCUG, 86

Penis at 12, 638

Penoscrotal hypospadias, 38, 446, 458, 461, 647 Perineal hypospadias, 38, 446, 458, 462, 532 Perrault syndrome, 673, 676

Persistent Müllerian duct syndrome (PMDS), 670–672 AMH, 287

classification, 291

clinical features of, 287, 291–292 embryology of, 287–290 etiology and inheritance, 290–291 prognosis, 293

treatment, 292–293

Phenotypic sex, 636, 638, 642, 645, 650, 674 Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase superactivity

(PRPSS), 277–278, 284

Plastibel circumcision, 478, 479, 482, 486, 488–494, 498 Politano-Leadbetter procedure, 266–267

Polycystic kidney disease (PCKD), 8, 10, 179, 182–183 Pontine micturition center (PMC), 297–298, 301 Posterior sagittal anorectovaginourethroplasty

(PSARVUP), 382, 383, 387, 388 Posterior urethral valve (PUV)

classification, 426 type I, 427 type II, 427 type III, 427

definition, 423

delayed presentation, 427 embryology, 424–425 ESRD, 425, 427, 434 fertility, 441

follow-ups, 438–439 hydro-ureteronephrosis, 440 incidence, 423, 427 investigations and diagnosis

antenatal ultrasound, 428, 430–431 chest radiographs, 428

computed tomography, 432 cystourethroscopy, 433 IVU, 431–432

MRI, 432

nuclear imaging, 432–433

plain abdominal radiographs, 428

renal and bladder ultrasonography, 428, 429 serum electrolytes, 428

urethral valves, 429 urodynamic studies, 433 VCUG, 429–433

long-term outcomes, 439–440 management

aims, 433–434

augmentation cystoplasty, 437 bladder, 435

continent appendicovesicostomy, 437 cutaneous ureterostomies, 436 cystoscopy, 435

endoscopic treatments, 434 multidisciplinary team, 433 neonatal, 434–435

postnatal primary valve ablation, 436 prenatal intervention, 434

primary valve resection, 435 refluxing ureterostomy, 437 renal dysfunction, 434 surgical treatment, 436 urinary diversion, 434 vesicostomy, 436

medications, 437–438 pathophysiology

bladder dysfunction, 426 bladder emptying, 425 congenital obstruction, urinary

tract, 425 hydronephrosis, 426 protective mechanisms, 426 renal deterioration, 425 renal maldevelopment, 425 vesicoureteral reflux, 426

physical findings, 428 prenatal diagnosis, 427 prognosis, 438–439 pulmonary hypoplasia, 428

PUV, 440

renal transplantation, 441 vesico-ureteric reflux, 440 Postpubertal orchiopexy, 570

Potter classification of renal dysplasia, 179

Prader–Willi syndrome, 35, 532 Priapism

acute priapism, 508 causes, 505

in childhood and adolescence, 501 clinical features, 508–509

clinical investigations, 509–510 complications, 524

definition, 501

early intervention, 501, 503 erectile dysfunction, 501 etiology, 505–507

high flow priapism (see High flow priapism) low flow priapism (see Low flow priapism) medications, 505

nocturnal episodes, 501 pathophysiology, 503–505 prognosis, 512, 524

SCD (see Sickle cell disease (SCD)) stuttering priapism, 508

treatment, 510–512

Primary hyperoxaluria (PH), 275, 279, 285 Primary megaureter

non-refluxing unobstructed, 225, 232 obstructed, 221, 232

refluxing, 232 symptoms, 218 unobstructed, 221

Pronephros, 3, 174, 198 Prostatic utricular cyst

classification, 445–446 clinical features, 446 CT-scan, 447, 448 definition, 443 embryology, 445 function, 443 hypospadias, 444 investigations, 446–447 location, 443

MRI, 448

müllerian duct cyst, 448–449 Prune belly syndrome, 444 surgical treatment, 447–449 VCUG, 446–447

Proximal penile hypospadias, 458, 461

Prune belly syndrome, 30, 56, 224, 397, 444, 532, 533, 538

PSARVUP. See Posterior sagittal anorectovaginourethroplasty (PSARVUP)

Pseudovaginal perineoscrotal hypospadias (PPSH), 685

Pure gonadal dysgenesis, 578, 590, 650, 651, 653, 673, 676–677

PUV. See Posterior urethral valve (PUV)

R

Radionuclide scan, 183, 555, 606 Reactive hydroceles, 412

Refluxing megaureter, 217, 222, 224 Refluxing/obstructed megaureter, 217 Renal cell carcinoma (RCC)

classification, 153 clinical features, 154–155 diagnosis, 155 histological evidence, 150 histopathology, 151–152 incidence, 151 management, 155–156 prognosis, 156

staging, 153–154

Renal coloboma syndrome (RCS), 175, 180–181 Renal lymphoma

clinical features, 161–162 definition, 159

diagnosis, 160–161 etiology, 159–160 pathogenesis, 159–160 treatment and prognosis, 162

Renal transplantation, 424, 425, 434, 441 Renal tumors

age at presentation, 102 angiomyolipoma

classification, 157–158 clinical features, 158 diagnosis, 158–159 histopathology, 157 incidence, 156–157 treatment and prognosis, 159

CCSK

clinical features, 140 definition, 138 diagnosis, 140 histopathology, 140–141

pathophysiology, 139–140 prognosis, 142

treatment, 141–142 lymphoma

clinical features, 161–162 definition, 159

diagnosis, 160–161 etiology, 159–160 pathogenesis, 159–160 treatment and prognosis, 162

MCRT

abdominal ultrasound and CT-scan findings, 167 calcification, 168

CPDN, 165, 166

cystic nephroma, 165–167 differential diagnosis, 166 gross features, 167 microscopic features, 167 modification, 165 treatment, 168

mesoblastic nephroma CBC, 137

classification, 133–134 clinical features, 136–137 CT-scan, 137, 138 definition, 132 differential diagnosis, 132 epidemiology, 134 histopathology, 134–136 live function tests, 137 MRI, 137–138

paraneoplastic syndromes, 132 plain radiograph, 137 prognosis, 138

serum electrolyte, BUN and creatinine, 137 treatment, 138

ultrasound, 137 metanephric adenoma, 163–165

clinical features, 164–165 diagnosis, 164

histologic analysis, 163–164 histopathology, 164 treatment, 165

MRT

chromosome 22, 143 clinical features, 145–146 definition, 143

diagnosis and diagnosis, 146–149 etiology, 144

histologic findings, 144–145 mortality/morbidity, 150 pathophysiology, 144 presentation, 144

treatment and outcome, 149–150 ossifying, 162–163

RCC

classification, 153 clinical features, 154–155 diagnosis, 155 histological evidence, 150 histopathology, 151–152 incidence, 151 management, 155–156 prognosis, 156

staging, 153–154

Wilms’ tumor (see Wilms’ tumor) Retractile testicles, 529, 531, 533, 534 Retrograde pyelography, 62, 81, 86, 183

Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND), 573, 591, 592

Richter’s hernia, 405

S

SCD. See Sickle cell disease (SCD) Schönlein-Henoch purpura, 601, 613, 614 Secondary hyperoxaluria, 276, 284 Secondary megaureter

causes of, 218–223, 226 nonrefluxing/nonobstructed megaureter, 222–223 obstructed megaureter, 221

refluxing megaureter, 222

Seminomas, 542, 543, 570–572, 574, 576, 579, 582, 585, 665, 675, 676, 681

Sertoli cell tumors, 571–575, 588–589 Sex cord/Gonadal stromal tumors

adrenal rests, 588 granulosa cell tumour, 575

incompletely differentiated, 575 juvenile granulosa cell tumors, 576, 588

Leydig cell tumor, 569, 570, 575, 587–588 mixed types, 575, 589

sertoli cell tumors, 575, 588–589 Thecoma Fibroma Group, 575

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), 484 Shang ring, 488, 491, 496

Sickle cell anemia, 504–505, 517 Sickle cell disease (SCD)

acute severe priapism, 515 clinical features, 517–518

clinical photographs, 501, 502, 513 complication, 501, 503 epidemiology, 514

high-flow priapism, 513–515 low flow priapism, 513, 514 mean age, 501 pathophysiology, 515–517 prepubertal period, 501

stuttering priapism, 501, 515, 521–524 treatment, 519–522

Sliding inguinal hernia, 405

Snodgrass urethroplasty. See Tubularized incised plate (TIP) repair

Society for Fetal Urology (SFU) grade, 44–45, 78–79 Spigelian hernia, 532, 534

Splenogonadal fusion causes, 613–614

clinical features, 596–598

clinical intraoperative photograph, 595, 596, 616 clinical investigations, 598

continuous splenogonadal fusion, 595–597, 616 definition, 595

diagnosis, 595, 596, 616

discontinuous splenogonadal fusion, 595–597, 616 etiology, 596

intra-operative frozen section biopsy, 595 male-to-female ratio, 615 malformations, 597

SGFLD, 597 symptoms, 595

treatment, 596, 598–599, 616

Splenogonadal fusion limb defect syndrome (SGFLD), 597

Steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1), 639 Subcoronal hypospadias, 455, 458, 459 Suprapubic urinary diversion (cistofix), 472

T

Teratoma, 570–572, 576, 586–587

Testicular feminization syndrome, 528, 578, 665–670 Testicular microlithiasis (TM), 577, 589–590

Testicular torsion

acute scrotal pain, 553, 554 bell-clapper deformity, 553, 554 bilateral testicular torsion, 553 causes, 553, 602

clinical features, 558–560 clinical investigations, 606, 607

degree of torsion, 553, 557–558, 605–606 diagnosis, 554–556

duration of torsion, 558 etiology, 554–555

extravaginal torsion (see Extravaginal torsion) clinical features, 605

diagrammatic representation, 602 etiology, 603–604

in neonates, 603 incidence, 554

intermittent testicular torsion, 556 intrauterine testicular torsion, 602 intravaginal torsion, 556, 558

in adolescents, 602 clinical features, 604–605

diagrammatic representation, 602 etiology, 603, 604

incidence, 602 risk factors, 554–555

treatment, 560–562, 606–608 Testicular tumors

adjuvant therapy, 573 alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), 573 benign, 574

bimodal age distribution, 569 carcinoid, 575

Children’s Oncology Group staging system, 580, 581 clinical features, 579–580

clinical investigations, 582–583 collecting ducts and rete tumors, 575 cystic dysplasia, 590

distant metastatic staging, 581 epidermoid cysts, 589 etiology of, 576–579 germ-cell tumors

ITGCN, 572 mixed forms, 575

precursor lesions, 574 pure forms, 574–575 seminomas, 571, 576

teratoma, 570–572, 576, 586–587

yolk sac tumors, 570, 571, 575, 585–586 gonadal dysgenesis, 570

gonadoblastomas, 571, 574, 590 haematopoietic tumors, 575 hypovirilization, 570

incidence of, 569 inguinal orchiectomy, 572

intergroup staging system, 581 intratubular germ cell neoplasia, 570 leukemia and lymphoma, 590–591 malignant, 574

mesenchymal tumors, 575

Testicular tumors (cont.)

mixed germ cell tumors, 571, 574, 575, 587 ovarian epithelial types tumors, 575 paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma, 591–592 paratesticular structure tumors, 575 pediatric prepubertal testicular tumors, 571 postpubertal orchiopexy, 570

prevalence of, 569

primary testicular tumors, 574 primary tumor staging, 581 prognosis and outcomes, 592

regional lymph node staging, 581–582 retroperitoneal lymph node dissection, 573 secondary testicular tumors, 574, 575 serum tumor marker staging, 581

sex cord/Gonadal stromal tumors adrenal rests, 588

granulosa cell tumour, 575 incompletely differentiated, 575 juvenile granulosa cell tumors, 576, 588 Leydig cell tumor, 569, 570, 575,

587–588

mixed types, 575, 589

sertoli cell tumors, 575, 588–589 Thecoma Fibroma Group, 575

simple testicular cyst, 589 symptoms, 571

testis-sparing approach, 572, 573 TM, 589–590

TNM staging system, 580–581 transscrotal biopsy, 572 treatment, 583–585

Torsion of testicular appendices. See Epididymal appendage

Transurethral urinary diversion (Foley’s catheter), 472 Triple X syndrome, 683

True undescended testicles, 528, 529, 533 Tubularized incised plate (TIP) repair, 454,

467–469, 471, 472 Tuli. See Male circumcision

U

Undescended testes

American Urological Association guidelines, 528–529

ascent testis, 531, 534

bilateral nonpalpable testes, 529–530 birth defect, 527

cancer risk, 542–543 causes, 528, 531–532

clinical features and diagnosis, 537–538 clinical photograph, 527

cloacal exstrophy, 532, 535 complications, 529

congenital adrenal hyperplasia, 529 definition, 527

down syndrome, 532 dysgenetic testis, 531, 533 ectopic testicles, 529, 531, 533

embryology, 530

epididymal abnormality, 536, 537 gastroschesis, 532, 535 histopathology, 532–533 hypoplastic testis, 531, 533 incidence of, 527

infertility, 541–542 inguinal hernia, 529 Kallmann’s syndrome, 532

Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome, 532 Noonan syndrome, 532

normal testicular development, 530 omphaloceles, 532, 535 penoscrotal/perineal hypospadias, 532 Prader–Willi syndrome, 532 prevalence, 527, 528

prune belly syndrome, 532, 533 retractile testicles, 529, 531, 534 spermatogenesis, 531

spigelian hernia, 532, 534 symptoms, 529

testicular descent, 530–531 testicular feminization

syndrome, 528 treatment

hormonal treatment, 538–539 length-increasing maneuvers, 541 orchidopexy, 527, 529, 538, 541 surgical treatment, 539–541

true undescended testicles, 529, 533 vanished testis, 531, 533–534

Urachal cyst, 28, 30, 393, 395, 397–399 Urachal remnants

classification inflammation, 396

patent urachuss, 395, 396 urachal cyst, 395 urachal-umbilical sinus, 395, 396

vesicourachal diverticulum, 395, 396 clinical features

asymptomatic patients, 396 patent urachus, 396, 397 umbilical-urachal sinus, 397 urachal cyst, 397–399 vesicourachal diverticulum, 397

clinical problems, 393 embryology, 393–395 management, 399–400

median umbilical ligament, 393 retzius, 393

tumors, 398–399 Urachal-umbilical sinus, 395, 396 Ureter

abnormalities duplication of, 18–20

ectopic ureteral orifice, 20 mega-ureter, obstruction, 21–22, 25, 26 ureteral atresia, 18, 19

ureterocele, 19, 21 ureteropelvic junction, 20–23

Ureterocele classification, 203 clinical features, 204

congenital saccular dilatation, 202 ectopic ureterocele, 203 incidence of, 203

investigations and diagnosis, 204–206 surgical interventions, 203

treatment, 205–208

bladder neck reconstruction, 207 conservative treatment, 206, 208 single system ureterocele, 208 surgical interventions, 208

upper pole hemi-nephrectomy, 205–207 ureterocele puncture, 205, 207 uretero-ureterostomy, 207–208

Urinary bladder

micturition function, 301

central and peripheral nervous systems, 296 parasympathetic nervous system, 298, 300 PMC, 297, 298

pudendal nerve, 296 somatic nerve, 299, 300 spinal reflux, 297

sympathetic nervous system, 298, 300 unobstructed urinary flow and bladder emptying,

296 storage function

central and peripheral nervous systems, 296 control of, 299

low-pressure reservoir, 296

Urinary diversion, 196, 303, 319–321, 339, 348, 349, 351, 357, 359, 368, 371, 372, 390, 391, 434, 437, 440, 441, 472

Urinary tract infection (UTI) antibiotics

oral treatment, 330–332 parenteral treatment, 332, 333 prophylaxis, 333, 334

clinical features, 325–327 diagnosis of, 324 etiology, 324–325 incidence of, 323–324

investigations and diagnosis, 327–330 pathophysiology, 325

urological abnormalities, 324 Urolithiasis

chemical composition, 273 classification of, 278 clinical features, 278–280 complications of, 282 cystinuria, 276–277, 284 drugs, 272

fluid intake, 272 hypercalciuria

Bartter syndrome, 274 causes of, 274 definition, 273

dent disease, 274 dRTA, 274–275

FHHNC, 274 gastrostomy tube-fed, 273

genitourinary anomalies, 273 HHRH, 275

idiopathic, 273 hyperoxaluria

primary hyperoxaluria, 275 secondary hyperoxaluria, 276

hyperuricosuria, 277–278 hypocitraturia, 276 investigations

abdominal CT-scan, 280 metabolic, 281–282 radiopaque stones, 280, 281 ultrasonography, 280

management of, 282–285

renal transplant complication, 272 risk factors for, 272, 273

urinary calcium increases, 272 urinary stones developments, 272

Uterus didelphys, 6, 684

UTI. See Urinary tract infection (UTI) Utricular cyst. See Prostatic utricular cyst

V

VACTERL association, 15, 16, 181, 423 Vaginal atresia

associated anomalies, 622 Bardet-Biedl syndrome, 621 classification, 621–622 clinical features, 623–625

congenital developmental defect, 621 embryology, 622–623

Fraser syndrome, 621 investigations, 625–628 MRKH, 621

surgical management, 628–633 syndromes, 621

Valves unilateral reflux dysplasia (VURD) syndrome, 424, 439

Vanished testis, 531, 533–534 Varicocele, 614, 615

causes, 545

clinical features, 548 diagnosis, 548–549

diagrammatic representation, 545 embolization therapy, 549 etiology, 546

grading, 547–548 incidence, 545, 546 medical treatment, 549 pathophysiology, 546–547

postoperative complications, 550 prognosis, 551

situs inversus, 546 surgical treatment, 550 treatment indications, 549

unilateral right-side varicocele, 546 Varicocelectomy, 550, 551

Ventriculoperitoneal shunt, 403, 408, 409 Vesicourachal diverticulum, 395, 397 Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)

antibiotics, prophylaxis, 261 anticholinergics, 261–262

atrophic kidneys secondary, 238, 239 clinical features, 250–252, 254 congenital megaureter, 218, 234 congenital ureteral anomalies, 208–212 diagnosis of, 238

etiology of, 247–249, 251–253 incidence of, 238 investigations

abdominal and pelvic CT-scan and MRU, 257, 258

abdominal ultrasound, 255 DMSA renal scan:, 256

non-contaminated urine specimen, 254 radionuclide cystography, 256 urodynamic studies, 256–257

VCUG, 254–256

medical treatment of, 259–260

micturating cystourethrogram, 237, 239, 240 mortality/morbidity, 268–269 pathophysiology, 240–243

prevalence of, 237, 238 primary, 238, 243–244 renal lesions, 239, 240

secondary, 238–239, 245, 246 surgical therapy of

endoscopic injection, 263–266

indications, surgical interventions, 262–263 surgical management, 266–268

surveillance, 262

Vessico-intestinal fissure. See Cloacal exstrophy Voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)

congenital ureteral anomalies, 189 ectopic ureter, 200

UTI, 329–330

Voiding cystourethrography (VCUG), 67 congenital megaureter, 228–230 MCDK, 183

PUJ obstruction, 86

VUR, 244, 246–249, 254, 255 VUR. See Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)

W

Waardenburg syndrome type 1, 181

Weigert-Meyer rule, 188, 197

Whitaker test, 88, 189, 230, 231

Williams’ syndrome, 181

Wilms’ tumor

abdominal ultrasound, 115, 117 anaplasia, 103

cases of, 102–103 chemotherapy, 104

chest CT-scan, 118, 120–122 chest radiograph, 115, 116 chromosome 11, 104 clinical features, 110–112 clinical photograph, 102 congenital anomalies, 104 elements, 103

etiology, 104–105 extrarenal, 131 favorable, 103 histopathology, 105–108

intravenous urography, 118, 119 MRI scanning, 118–120 multimodality therapy, 103 nephroblastomatosis, 108–110

plain abdominal radiograph, 114–115 prognosis

and complications, 121–123 and outcome, 130–131

rhabdomyoid differentiation, 103 risk factors, 112–113

staging, 113–114

surgical complications, 130 surgical considerations

aspiration cytology, 124

Bilateral Wilms’ tumor, 124, 126, 127 desmopressin, 127

in European, 124 hypothesis, 127

inoperable tumors, 124, 125 intracaval tumor extension, 124 lung metastasis, 127, 128

in North America, 123–124 NWTSG, 124–125 radiotherapy, 123

stage I-IV anaplasia, 127 surgical management, 128–130

thoracic CT-scan, 115, 117, 118 Wilms tumor (WT-1) gene, 639

X

45 X/ 46 XY mixed gonadal digenesis, 657

Y

Yolk sac tumors, 293, 570–576, 579, 581–587