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eastern Canadaabout 40 percent of the wood produced in Quebec Provinceparticularly in small operations or rough terrain is still being produced by this method - much of it felled, delimbed, topped or bucked with light power saws (the axe is rarely used nowadays). It is a very labour intensive system unless multifunctional machines are used.
In some tropical forests the axe and saw are still used for felling, because either the trees are too large for easily carried power saws or the workers have not been trained in their use or because of poor saw repair service in isolated logging areas. It requires 2 ½ days to fell a tree 150 sm in diameter with an axe but only 3 ½ hours with a 9-feet (275sm) crosscut saw. The axe is still being used in a few operations for bucking - even in the case of very large trees.
The main advantages of the system in its older form are its simplicity and its low capital requirement. Its main disadvantage is the great amount of manual work required to produce the short wood. In its newest formproduction with short wood harvesters –it requires large capital outlays.
1. Mind the black words in the text, consult a dictionary to
translate/pronounce them correctly.
2.Now read the text and translate it. Translate passages 1, 3 in the written form.
3.Divide the black words into 3 groups – nouns (group 1) – verb (group 2) –
adjective (group 3).
4.Make 4 word combinations with the black words from the text.
5.What are the answers to these questions:
1)What is the text about?
2)What does passage 1 speak about?
3)How will you define the key idea of passage 2?
4)Does the last passage give the same information as the last but one passage?
6.Find the key idea of every passage, put them in order to make the plan of the text.
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7.Make the summary of the text paying attention to these standard phrases:
a)The text is about/the text speaks about …
b)First, we can read/learn about …
c)The next part/passage describes …
d)The last part/passage informs us about
TEXT 13
INFLUENCE OF THE MECHANIZATION OF LOGGING ON THE TRANSPORTATION AND DELIVERY OF WOOD TO THE
SAWMILL
The short-wood method is the dominant logging method in Sweden today. Approximately 90 per cent of the cut is logged by this method. The tree-length and full-tree methods account respectively for 9 per cent and 1 per cent of the cut. The methods are defined according to the degree, to which the wood is processed before extraction. Today only one per cent of the cut is logged using fully mechanized methods. However, in the 2000’s mechanization is expected to increase rapidly so that by 2010 approximately 80 per cent of total cut will be logged using fully mechanized methods. The relative importance of these logging methods is not expected to change during the 2000’s.
Secondary transportation by truck and railroad is gradually gaining ground at the expense of the river system. Approximately 60 per cent of transport is carried out by truck and 25 per cent by train.
The Sweden sawmill industry consists of a large number of mills, the majority of which use circular saws. The number of sawmills will continue to decrease during the 2000’s. At the same time the number of pulpmills will also decrease while the total capacity increase.
Fully mechanized logging methods bring changes, which may effect both secondary transportation and delivery of wood to the mill. One change is increased concentration owing to the economic requirements of mechanized methods. Mechanization also reduces the importance of seasonal variations. Depending on the logging methods introduced, the wood may be partially barked, limbed to varying degrees of accuracy, and bucked to the lengths, which deviate from the set standart. Slash may also be mixed into the wood to be extracted.
The introduction of fully mechanized logging methods has both advantages and disadvantages for transport and delivery operations.
Some of the advantages are:
a) improved conditions for transport, planning and scheduling; b)better possibilities for using more efficient vehicle combinations;
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c)more efficient logging methods;
d)more efficient loading methods;
e)more regular use of transport resources throughout the year
f)reduced wood stocks at mill and roadside
g)reduced vehicle idle time and less over-capacity at the wood delivery
point.
1.Mind the black words in the text, consult a dictionary to translate/pronounce them correctly.
2.Now read the text and translate it. Translate passages 1, 3 in the written form.
3.Divide the black words into 3 groups – nouns (group 1) – verb (group 2) –
adjective (group 3).
4.Make 4 word combinations with the black words from the text.
5.What are the answers to these questions:
1)What is the text about?
2)What does passage 1 speak about?
3)How will you define the key idea of passage 2?
4)Does the last passage give the same information as the last but one passage?
6.Find the key idea of every passage, put them in order to make the plan of the text.
7.Make the summary of the text paying attention to these standard phrases:
a)The text is about/the text speaks about …
b)First, we can read/learn about …
c)The next part/passage describes …
d)The last part/passage informs us about
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TEXT 14
GROUND SKIDDING WITH TRACTORS
Log transportation by tractor is widely used in many parts of the world. The best skidding distances vary between 200 and 500 meters, but scattered logs may be yarded from 1000 meters and more.
Tractors have great advantages over other methods of skidding and hauling. They have greater speed and power than animals and skid larger and heavier timber. Tractors provide more trips per day with a higher average load. Distances, swampy roads, fallen timber offer little difficulty for tractors. Tractors reduce the cost of skidding logs for hauling. They have greater flexibility in skidding logs for varying distances. Tractors do less damage to young trees on logging areas than cable skidders.
Tractors are used for performing so many different operations in the timber industry that a tractor may be classed as one of the most flexible and valuable pieces of logging equipment. They can skid logs, wheel logs, build roads, plow snow etc.
Crawler tractors of up to 200 hp, and wheel tractors up to 320 hp are used with the tendency to increase the heavier types as more suitable for skidding of heavy timber in long length.
Logging crawler tractors are at present generally equipped with at least one winch, attached to the rear of the tractor and accommodating up to 110 meters of 1.5-2 centimeter hauling cable, depending on its diameter and the tractor size.
In the past crawler and wheel tractors were built for general use and then adapted and equipped with various accessories for forestry work, which led frequently to unsatisfactory tractor types.
More detailed research into the special equipment required for logging has purpose to make tractors better adapted for skidding and hauling.
1. Mind the black words in the text, consult a dictionary to
translate/pronounce them correctly.
2.Now read the text and translate it. Translate passages 1, 3 in the written form.
3.Divide the black words into 3 groups – nouns (group 1) – verb (group 2) –
adjective (group 3).
4.Make 4 word combinations with the black words from the text.
5.What are the answers to these questions:
25
1)What is the text about?
2)What does passage 1 speak about?
3)How will you define the key idea of passage 2?
4)Does the last passage give the same information as the last but one passage?
6.Find the key idea of every passage, put them in order to make the plan of the text.
7.Make the summary of the text paying attention to these standard phrases:
a)The text is about/the text speaks about …
b)First, we can read/learn about …
c)The next part/passage describes …
d)The last part/passage informs us about
TEXT 15
PORTABLE POWER-OPERATED TOOLS
Portable power-operated tools are still broadly required by smaller groups of lumbermen. They need these tools for felling trees, bucking, delimbing. Therefore designers work to perfect gasoline –engine and electric motor saws.
Among the most popular are the m-228 special purpose gas-engine saw and 0202 gas-engine minisaw. Although named “special-purpose, the m- 228 saw is efficiently used, in addition to felling the trees, for bucking and cutting –off thick limbs. The 0202 minisaw of reduced mass and compact size is intended for delimbing and detopping felled trees, and also for improvement felling in the forestry. Both models are complete with special design attachments and vibration-damping mounts and suspensions for optimized economic ratings.
The “Taiga-214” gas-engine saw has become very popular with the logging people owing to its fine performance and properties: high output with lighter manual efforts, high cutting speed with minimized vibration at the handles.
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1. Mind the black words in the text, consult a dictionary to
translate/pronounce them correctly.
2.Now read the text and translate it. Translate passages 1, 3 in the written form.
3.Divide the black words into 3 groups – nouns (group 1) – verb (group 2) –
adjective (group 3).
4.Make 4 word combinations with the black words from the text.
5.What are the answers to these questions:
1)What is the text about?
2)What does passage 1 speak about?
3)How will you define the key idea of passage 2?
4)Does the last passage give the same information as the last but one passage?
6.Find the key idea of every passage, put them in order to make the plan of the text.
7.Make the summary of the text paying attention to these standard phrases:
a)The text is about/the text speaks about …
b)First, we can read/learn about …
c)The next part/passage describes …
d)The last part/passage informs us about
TEXT 16
FELLING AND SKIDDING MACHINES
Every year new high out-put special-purpose machines and qualitatively new technical facilities appear. They make it possible to minimize the hard manual labor involved in timber operations.
27
Efficiently performing in forests in the North and North-west of the European part of Russia is the system of machines on the chasis of the TБ1М tractor including two ЛП-17А felling and skidding machines operable for felling, bundling and skidding trees to a timber-loading area, and the ЛП-30В selfpropelled delimbing machine cutting limbs off hardwood and softwood trees stacked or bundled in a loading area. The concluding operation of this productionloading tree-length delimbed logsis performed by the ПЛ-1В jaw-type loader mounted on the same tractor chasis, and logs are hauled away by the МАЗ-5434 timbercarrier truck.
An alternative system including the ЛП-49 felling and skidding machine, ЛП-33 delimber and ЛП-65 jaw-type loader is build on the chasis of a heavier TT-4M tractor and intended for operations in forest stands with larger trees in both Siberia and European part of the country. Tree-lengths are hauled away by the КРАЗ-6437 logging truck.
The felling and skidding machinethe BM-4A on the chasis of the TT-4 crawler tractor is intended for all-through mechanization of felling jobs in larger timber stands with the average volume of a tree stand 0,5 cubic meters or more. The machine moves along the edge of a forest, cuts and fells trees, collects bundles of the volume 6 cubic meters, skids the bundles and transports them to the loading area. The employment of this machine allows without preparatory works in the felling area doubling or even tripling the productivity of felling and skidding as compared with the conventional techniques.
1. Mind the black words in the text, consult a dictionary to
translate/pronounce them correctly.
2.Now read the text and translate it. Translate passages 1, 3 in the written form.
3.Divide the black words into 3 groups – nouns (group 1) – verb (group 2) –
adjective (group 3).
4.Make 4 word combinations with the black words from the text.
5.What are the answers to these questions:
1)What is the text about?
2)What does passage 1 speak about?
3)How will you define the key idea of passage 2?
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4) Does the last passage give the same information as the last but one
passage?
6.Find the key idea of every passage, put them in order to make the plan of the text.
7.Make the summary of the text paying attention to these standard phrases:
a)The text is about/the text speaks about …
b)First, we can read/learn about …
c)The next part/passage describes …
d)The last part/passage informs us about
29
БИБЛИОГРАФИЧЕСКИЙ СПИСОК
1. Воронцова, И.И. Английский язык для студентов экономических факультетов[Текст]: учеб. пособие / И.И.Воронцова , А.К.Ильина , Ю.В.Момджи .-М.:РГГУ , 1999.- 142с.
2. Дроздова, Т.Ю. Read and speak English / Т.Ю .Дроздова. – СПб.: Каро,1999. –336с.
3.Голицынский, Ю.Б. Грамматика [Текст] : cборник упражнений/ Ю.Б.Голицынский .-М.: Каро, 1999.- 475с.
4.Карачарова, Н.М. Английский язык. /Н.М. Карачарова, А. В.Масленникова.
– СПб. : Академ, 2001.-384с.
5.Можаев, Д.В. Англо-русский и русско-английский лесотехнический словарь[Текст]/ Д.В.Можаев ,Б.Н. Новиков , Д.М.Рыбаков .- М.: РУССО, 1998.- 456c.
6.Мюллер, В.К. Англо-русский словарь. [Текст] / В.К.Мюллер .- С Пб: Академический проект ,1996.-220c.
7.Португалов, В.Д. Учебник по английскому языку [Текст] ]: учеб. пособие /
В.Д.Португалов .- М.:АСТ, 1998.- 247с
8.. Орловская, И.В..Учебник английского языка для технических университетов и ВУЗов / И.В.Орловская , Л.С. Самсонова., А.И.Скубриева .- М.,2001.-265с.
9.Cedric, H The Management of Farm Woodlands [Теxt]: моногр./.Н.Cedric ., В.S.Guise . - New York and London: Mс Graw Hill Book Company, Inc.,1969. -352c.
10.Forest Products [Теxt].- Madison, 2001.-№1-12.
11.Hornby, A.S. Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English [Теxt]/А.S.Hornby . - Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1974.- 914p.
12.Journal of Forestry [Теxt].-.- Washington DC., 2001.- №1-12.
13.Logging and Sawmiling Journal. - 2004.- №1-12.
14.McCarthy, M., English Vocabulary in Use: Elementary [Теxt]/M.McCarthy, F. O'Dell . - Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.-296p.
15.McCarthy, M., English Vocabulary in Use : Intermediate [Теxt]/M.McCarthy, F. O'Dell . - Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.-296p.
16.Timber West Journal. – 2004.- №1-12.
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