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УДК

Методические указания для самостоятельной работы обучающихся по направлению подготовки 35.03.01 / Л.А. Литвинова; М-во образования и науки РФ, ФГБОУ ВО «ВГЛТУ». – Воронеж, 2017. – 23 с.

Печатается по решению редакционно-издательского совета ВГЛТУ

Рецензент: профессор, доктор филологических наук, директор Центра коммуникативных исследований ВГУ И.А. Стернин

Настоящие методические указания представляют собой современный подход к обучению бакалавров в системе высшего образования. Необходимость в появлении таких методических указаний диктуется современным подходом для работы студентов на практических занятиях: в них кратко и информативно представлен алгоритм освоения учебного материала по модулям, позволяющий повысить качество самообразования и стимулировать интерес пользователя к дисциплине «Английский язык». Данные методические указания могут служить руководством для студентов 1 курса по направлению подготовки «Лесное дело».

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Text 1.

FORESTS IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

(part 1)

Wood is unique among the world’s important raw materials. Most people on the Earth live in wooden houses, sit on wooden chairs, eat on wooden tables, and up to the pesent day, many people are warmed by wood-stocked fires.

The wood-posessing countries of the world are, perhaps, most wealthy, because, under the conditions of wise management, wood is universal, abundant and essentially inexehaustible source of national welfare. There are something like eight billion acres of timber covering the earth as a whole. Among timber-producing countries Russia is one of the greatest. It posseses enormous forest resources amounting to approximately 2,670 million cubic feet, equal to 35 per cent of the total world reserves.

The principal commercial softwoods include larch, pine, spruce; birch, aspen, oak, beech, hornbeam and ash form the bulk of hardwood supply.

The main softwood reserves are concentrated in the Urals, Siberia, Far East, in the Northern European regions of Arkhangelsk and Vologda and in the Komi and Karelian republics. They can meet the demand for many a year.

The geographical distribution of our forests is, perhaps, not very favourable, as the substantial proportion of the wood-stock is concentrated in the Asian part of Russia while the predominant part of the population and industrial enterprises are located in the European part of our country. With further development of industry, however, and the relocation of mills to the eastern parts of Siberia will consume wood resources, and there will be much less necessity to transport timber for long distances.

The country produces 35 million cubic metres of sawn-goods annually and is one of the leading producers and exporters of timber.

Mind the vocabulary:

Hornbeam - граб

cubic feet – кубические футы

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mills = enterprises – (лесоперерабатывающие) предприятия

softwoods/ hardwood – мягкодревесные/твердодревесные породы

Tasks:

1.Mind the black words in the text, consult a dictionary to translate/pronounce them correctly.

2.Now read the text and translate it. Translate passages 1, 3 in the written

form.

3.Divide the black words into 3 groups – nouns (group 1) – verb (group 2) –

adjective (group 3).

4. Make 4 word combinations with the black words from the text.

5.What are the answers to these questions: What is the text about?

What does passage 1 speak about?

How will you define the key idea of passage 2?

Does the last passage give the same information as the last but one passage?

6.Find the key idea of every passage, put them in order to make the plan of the text.

7.Make the summary of the text paying attention to these standard phrases:

The text is about/the text speaks about …

First, we can read/learn about …

The next part/passage describes …

The last part/passage informs us about …

Text 2.

FORESTS IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Russia is very rich in forests. They are concentrated in the Far East, Siberia and in Northern European part of our country. Birch, oak, beech form hardwood

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species; pine, spruce, larch form softwood species. The main timber enterprises are located in the Asian part of Russia while the main industrial enterprises of wood takes place in the european part because the largest part of population and industrial mills are situated here.

The Russian forests are divided into three groups: group 1 consisting of various forest reserves such as shelter belts. This group occupies 67, 211 acres and contains 5,5 per cent of the total standing timber in the country;

group 2 represents watershed protection forests, mainly, in the central and western parts of European Russia, on area approximately 211,000,000 acres, and contains about 5 per cent of the total timber volume. The forests of these two groups can be only slightly for sanitary purposes;

group 3 represents the forest areas open for economic exploitation and is situated principally in the North of European Russia, in Siberia and Far East. These forests cover about 2, 224, 000,000 acres an contain approximately 21, 009, 000, 000 cords or 89, 5 per cent of all timber.

All forms of cuttings, including large-scale cutting are allowed under the necessary condition that the cut-over areas must be restocked, either naturally or artificially within a short specified period.

The average wood volume per acre in about 15,8 cords.

Mind the vocabulary:

Softwoods/ hardwood –мягкодревесные/твердодревесные породы

mills = enterprises –(лесоперерабатывающие) предприятия

cords – корд (мера дров = 128 кубических футов = 3,63 куб.м)

acre – английская единица измерения площади – акр (0,4 га)

Tasks:

1.Mind the black words in the text, consult a dictionary to translate/pronounce them correctly.

2.Now read the text and translate it. Translate passages 1, 3 in the written

form.

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3. Divide the black words into 3 groups – nouns (group 1) – verb (group 2) –

adjective (group 3).

4. Make 4 word combinations with the black words from the text.

5.What are the answers to these questions: What is the text about?

What does passage 1 speak about?

How will you define the key idea of passage 2?

Does the last passage give the same information as the last but one passage?

6.Find the key idea of every passage, put them in order to make the plan of the text.

7.Make the summary of the text paying attention to these standard phrases: The text is about/the text speaks about …

First, we can read/learn about … The next part/passage describes …

The last part/passage informs us about …

Text 3.

BRITAIN’S FORESTS

In prehistoric times, Britain was well-covered with trees. But as the population changed and grew, as agriculture developed and the need for timber increased, the forest areas gradually disappeared. The grazing cattle and sheep prevented much natural regeneration of trees. However, some woodland areas enjoyed a royal protection because of the facilities they offered for game, hunting. Similar control was exercised by landowners. Some of these woodland areas as New Forest, Forest of Dean and Epping Forest, still exist with many of the old customs and laws still surviving.

Some landowners managed their estates well and responded to emergency calls, such as that made by John Evelyn in the 17th century and it is thanks to them that we have these trees we do posses, and were able to face up to some of the demands for timber during the two great world wars.

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So much home-grown timber was used in the First World War, that it was quite obvious that the growing of trees should no longer be left to individuals. There had to be a national policy. Accordingly, The Forestry Commission was set up in 1919. The Second World War once again made great demand for timber reserves because the effective blockade of the ports made the import of this bulky item a great problem.

But inspite of the two wars the Forestry commission has now planted 1,5 million acres of trees in the 500 forests of the country. The annual programme in recent years has been 100 million new trees planted each year. Of these, 90 per cent are conifer trees because they are quick growing. The softwood they provide represents practically 90 per cent of the country needs. The Forestry Commission, with their scientific and financial resources advise and assist private landowners who have between them 2,5 million acres of woodland.

There is a number of forest schools which train the specialists who look after the

Britain’s forests. A number of universities have specialist courses which provide a steady flow of men who will occupy various positions both in State and private woodlands.

Mind the vocabulary:

grazing cattle – крупнорогатый скот

landowners - землевладельцы

estate – поместье, имение

acres - английская единица измерения площади – акр (0,4 га)

softwood – мягкодревесный

Tasks:

1.Mind the black words in the text, consult a dictionary to translate/pronounce them correctly.

2.Now read the text and translate it. Translate passages 1, 3 in the written

form.

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3. Divide the black words into 3 groups – nouns (group 1) – verb (group 2) –

adjective (group 3).

4. Make 4 word combinations with the black words from the text.

5.What are the answers to these questions: What is the text about?

What does passage 1 speak about?

How will you define the key idea of passage 2?

Does the last passage give the same information as the last but one passage?

6.Find the key idea of every passage, put them in order to make the plan of the text.

7.Make the summary of the text paying attention to these standard phrases:

The text is about/the text speaks about …

First, we can read/learn about …

The next part/passage describes …

The last part/passage informs us about …

Text 4.

FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Two english - speaking countries across the ocean posses large forest resources. They are Canada and the United States of America. The amount of timber resources of the USA is second only to the Russian Federation. Forest land occupies one third part of the United States area.

There are over one thousand species of trees in the United States. In Europe (without Russia) there are less than one hundred. Britain has about thirty species and France thirty five. Out of the one thousand kinds of trees in America only about one hundred have much commercial value as lumber. Of these about sixty are hardwoods and about forty are softwoods, but only fifteen hardwoods and fourteen softwoods are extensively used for timber, plywood, pulpwood and construction timber.

The softwoods are the oldest family of trees in the United states. The commercial softwoods of importance are:

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Southern yellow pine, Douglus fir, Hemlock, Sitka spruce, larch, and white fir. Hardwoods which are broad – leaved and usually shed leaves in autumn furnish about 20 per cent of US commercial wood products. They are oak, maple, birch, beech, and others.

Most parts of the forest land is privately owned and consists of small parks and farms under 5, 000 acres. The care of these forests lies on the small owner. There are 146 national forests furnishing 159 million acres in the United States. The national forests are administrated by The United States Forest Service (USFS).

Mind the vocabulary:

Softwood/hardwood - мягкодревесные/твердодревесные породы

Larch - лиственница

Hemlock – 1) тсуга (американское хвойное дерево)

2) болиголов (крапчатый)

Sitka spruce - ель ситхинская

white fir – пихта одноцветная

acre - английская единица измерения площади – акр (0,4 га)

Tasks:

1.Mind the black words in the text, consult a dictionary to translate/pronounce them correctly.

2.Now read the text and translate it. Translate passages 1, 3 in the written

form.

3.Divide the black words into 3 groups – nouns (group 1) – verb (group 2) –

adjective (group 3).

4.Make 4 word combinations with the black words from the text.

5.What are the answers to these questions:

What is the text about?

What does passage 1 speak about?

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How will you define the key idea of passage 2?

Does the last passage give the same information as the last but one passage?

6.Find the key idea of every passage, put them in order to make the plan of the text.

7.Make the summary of the text paying attention to these standard phrases:

The text is about/the text speaks about …

First, we can read/learn about …

The next part/passage describes …

The last part/passage informs us about …

Text 5.

FORESTS OF CANADA

Two english - speaking countries across the ocean possess large forest resources. They are Canada and the United States of America. The amount of timber resources of the USA is second only to the Russian Federation. Forest land occupies one third part of the United States area. The forest resources of Canada amount to 11,6 billion cubic metres.

The most important forest trees in Canada are the spruces. About one third of Canada’s timber is spruce. Its wood is used for pulpwood, lumber and plywood.

Second only to the spruces are two-needled pines. These pines furnish 11 per cent of Canada’s standing timber volume. Third in importance are the true firs, of which the most distributed is the balsam fir. Its wood is commonly cut as pulp wood and to a lesser extent, as sawn goods. Next is a family of broad-leaved deciduous trees – aspen and poplar.

Fifth among Canada’s forest trees is the hemlock. Western hemlock is a valuable pulpwood species; eastern hemlock is a main commercial source of tannin, while the wood is used for railroad ties, lumber and pulp.

The tree, responsible, more than any other, for British Columbia’s world-wide reputation for timber is the coastal form of Douglas fir. Douglas fir is used extensively