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.pdf6) to be the reserve strip for widening the pavement when improving the type of the highway and for the circuit when repairing the road.
The normal width of the roadside is the width of 2.0-2.5 m. It is allowed to reduce the width of the roadside to 1.0 m or even to 0.5 m in the highlands.
The roadsides must let the water running from the surface of the roadway freely pass to the slope of the road cross-section. For this purpose the surface of the roadsides is made 2% steeper than the cross-section of the pavement i.e. practically 4 or 5%.
To avoid deformation the road-sides may be strengthened by different methods (by paving, by stabilization with binding materials etc.).
1.What are the functions of the roadsides?
2.Why should the roadsides be strengthened?
3.How the roadside may be used during repairing the road?
4.May pedestrians use the roadside?
110. What facts from the text are illustrated with the following figures?
4; 5; 1; 2; 0.5; 2.5.
111.Look through the text and find -ing forms. Divide them into Gerunds, Participles I and Nouns ending with -ing. How do you differ them?
112.There are some compound nouns in the text. For example: bicy- cle-path. Find other compound words.
113.Fill in the correct prepositions from the list below, then choose any three items and make sentences.
1) … the action of something; 2) … the time of something; 3) the moving … the automobile; 4) … case of something; 5) to be the place … something; 6) to be strengthened … something.
By, at, of, under, in, for.
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114. Read the text to find the answer to the given question. Where are footpaths usually made?
Footpaths and sidewalks
It is necessary to make footpaths or sidewalks on the sections of the highways running through the inhabited locality, workmen's settlements, summer resorts on the suburban sections of the roads with more or less pedestrian traffic density otherwise pedestrians will use the roadway which will result in some inconveniences and accidents.
The footpaths may be formed either by the simple levelling of the earth strip for 0.75 - 1.5 m or the paths with the pavement of gravel, broken stone, brick or asphalt may be made.
115. Find in the text equivalent English phrases to the following ones.
Простое выравнивание; заселенная местность; на загородных участках; пешеходное движение; летний курорт; кончаться аварией.
116. Translate these words depending on their part of speech. Which of them were used in the text?
A use – to use; a result – to result; a strip – to strip; the earth - to earth.
Make up your own word-combinations and sentences with these words.
117.Find the antonyms to the following words in the text: Unpopulated, vehicular, urban, in this case, convenience.
118.Skim the text to understand what it is about.
Borrow Pit
Reserve or borrow pit is a regular shaped excavation of the ground from which the ground has been used for making the fill.
If possible, the borrow pit is laid in the immediate nearness to the fill into which the ground from the borrow pit is placed.
Borrow pits may be laid either from one side of the road or from both sides. The depth and the area of the borrow pits are determined depen-
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dently on the amount of the ground required for making the fill with the consideration of the securing of the drainage. In the flat country it is advisable to have the depth of the reserve not more than 1 m.
The borrow pits must have the regular outline in the plan and in the profile ensuring the water flow.
Where is the borrow pit usually laid?
119. Translate the related Verbs and Nouns. What words were used in the text?
To fill – a fill, to reserve – a reserve, to plan – a plan, to flow – a flow, to profile – a profile, to shape – a shape, to ground – the ground.
120. In the text find the nouns derived from these words. Name their suffixes.
Deep, excavate, near, secure, consider.
121. In the right column find the word with the similar meaning to the word in the left column.
1. regular |
a) internal, b) previous, c) normal, d) permanent |
2. nearness |
a) weakness, b) proximity, c) provision, d) strength |
3. fill (n) |
a) bank, b) fuel, c) coal, d) island |
4. amount |
a) influence, b) quantity, c) degree, d) safety |
5. securing |
a) according to, b) level, c) difficulty, d) ensuring |
6. flat (adj) |
a) reliable, b) wide, c) plain, d) shallow |
7. advisable |
a) reasonable, b) different, c) recent, d) close |
8. outline |
a) site, b) sketch, c) field, d) competition |
9. excavation |
a) consideration, b) education, c) property, |
|
d) trenching |
122. Read the text to answer the question: What are the reasons of planting trees along the roads?
Planting trees along the roads
The planting of trees is an inalienable part of a road.
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The design of the road must contain the design of trees planting with the placing of the trees along the right-of-way and with the choice of the tree species.
Planting of trees is divided into 3 groups according to the purposes they serve:
1)planting of trees for protection from snow and sand;
2)planting of trees for decoration;
3)camouflaging planting of trees.
The planting of trees along the right-of-way must limit neither the traffic itself nor the operations necessary for the traffic service.
123.Find the -ing forms in the text and state their syntactic function. What part of speech do they belong to?
124.Translate the following words keeping in mind their suffixes and prefixes.Definetheirpartof speech.
Divide, divided, undivided, dividend, dividing, divider, divisible, division, divisional.
Protect, protected, protecting, protection, protective, unprotect, unprotected.
Contain, contained, container, content, contents.
125.Find in the text above a sentence with the construction “neither … nor …” and translate it. Make your own sentence, using this construction.
126.Read the following text to find the answer to the question: What facilities are usually located on the right-of-way?
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Pic.27
Right-of-Way
For making the road structures a strip of earth is determined which is called the right-of-way. Here all the structures for drainage, sidings and special tracks, planting of trees, spoil banks and reserves are located. The necessary width of the right-of-way is destined by the design.
On the right-of-way it is possible to locate a number of constructions having nothing to do directly with the road and belonging to the other organizations, namely: 1) communication lines, 2) electrical lines, 3) underground pipelines, 4) tramways etc.
127. Translate the following words. What part of speech do they belong to?
Locate, located, locating, location, locator, dislocate, dislocation, relocate. Wide, widely, widen, widened, widening, width.
Direct, director, directness, directly, direction, directional, directive, undirected.
128. Find in the text equivalent English phrases to the following ones.
Определяется проектом; требуемая ширина; линии связи; подземные трубопроводы; не относящийся непосредственно (к чему-то).
129. In each line find a word with the opposite meaning to the first word.
1. possible |
a) necessary, b) free, c) impossible, d) probable |
2. belonging |
a) receiving, b) irrespective, c) using, d) included |
3. directly |
a) entirely, b) early, c) only, d) indirectly |
4. necessary |
a) proper, b) essential, c) optional, d) similar |
5. special |
a) common, b) extraordinary, c) total, d) another |
130. What forms of barriers may be on the roads? Read the text and check your answer.
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Pic. 28 |
Pic. 29 |
Barriers on the Roads
To prevent the moving of the rolling stock out of the roadway the protecting barriers are placed along the edges of the road. There may be barriers in the form of bordering posts of the light construction, posts of heavy construction, trees, railing, fences and parapets, metal barriers of steel cables, tapes and nettings.
It is desirable to construct elastic barriers which could take up the energy of the stroke without causing the damage to the automobile.
131. In what meaning are the following words used in the text? Why do you think so?
1. Tape
-the act or process of recording on magnetic tape;
-a long thin strip, made of cotton, linen, etc., used for binding, fastening, etc.
2. Light
-anything that illuminates, such as a lamp or candle;
-not heavy; weighing relatively little
3. Edge
-keenness, sharpness, or urgency;
-the border, brim, or margin of a surface, object, etc. 4. Fence
-to fight using swords or foils;
-a structure that serves to enclose some area, usually made of posts of timber, concrete, or metal connected by wire, netting, rails, or boards.
132. In each line find the word which is translated at the beginning of a line.
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1) |
вдоль |
a) across, b) beside, c) above, d) along |
2) |
желательный |
a) appropriate, b) desirable, c) ordinary, d) com- |
|
|
pulsory |
3) |
удар |
a) stroke, b) influence, c) accident, d) experience |
4) |
повреждение |
a) weakness, b) level, c) damage, d) steam |
5) |
предотвращать |
a) prohibit, b) prevent, c) maintain, d) bring |
6) |
окаймляющий |
a) encouraging, b) deserving, c) bordering, d) ex- |
|
|
ternal |
133.What modal verbs are used in the text? Make your own sentences with them and other modal verbs.
134.Try to memorize the words. Close your book and write as many words from the box as you can.
three-dimensional installation compact equipment vegetation accomplish haulage excavation placement
135. What operations are shown in the pictures (Pic. 30 - 35)? Match the following verbs with the pictures below: to place; to install; to spray; to compact; to clear; to pave. In what word combinations can the given verbs be used?
Pic. 30 |
Pic. 31 |
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Pic. 32 |
Pic. 33 |
Pic. 34 |
Pic. 35 |
136. Scan the text Road Construction and arrange the phrases in the appropriate order:
___ clearing, earthmoving, shaping, and compacting the natural formation;
___ constructing bridges and culverts;
___ installing underground drainage;
___ manufacturing asphalt and concrete;
___ placing and compacting the pavement layers;
___ producing and handling the road-making aggregate.
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137. Match the words to make word combinations used in the text. Then find these word combinations in the text and check your answers.
construction |
bitumen |
fluid |
broom |
laser |
chip |
manual |
content |
moisture |
drainage |
natural |
formation |
porous |
location |
rotary |
methods |
stone |
sighting |
three-dimensional |
site |
underground |
surface |
138. Read the text. Explain the highlighted words/phrases.
Road Construction
After the road has been approved and financing found, surveyors define its three-dimensional location on the ground. Forming of the in-situ material to its required shape and installation of the underground drainage system can then begin. Imported pavement material is placed on the natural formation and may have water added; rollers are then used to compact the material to the required density. If possible, some traffic is permitted to operate over the completed earthwork in order to detect weak spots.
In countries where labour is inexpensive and less skilled, traditional manual methods of road construction are still commonplace. However, the developed world relies heavily on purpose-built construction plant. This can be divided into equipment for six major construction purposes: clearing, earthmoving, shaping, and compacting the natural formation; installing underground drainage; producing and handling the road-making aggregate; manufacturing asphalt and concrete; placing and compacting the pavement layers; and constructing bridges and culverts.
For clearing vegetation and undesirable materials from the roadway, the bulldozer is often employed. The construction of rock cuts is commonly done with shovels, draglines, and mobile drills. Shaping the formation and moving earth from cuttings to embankments is accomplished with bulldozers, graders, hauling scrapers, elevating graders, loaders, and large
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dump trucks. The material is placed in layers, brought to the proper moisture content, and compacted to the required density. Compaction is accomplished with tamping, sheepsfoot, grid, steel-wheeled, vibrating, and pneumatic-tired rollers. Backhoes, back actors, and trenchers are used for drainage work.
In order to avoid high haulage costs, the materials used for base course construction are preferably located near the construction site; it is economically impossible to use expensive materials for long lengths of road construction. The excavation process is the same as for rock cuts, although rippers may be used for obtaining lower-grade material. Crushers, screens, and washers produce stone of the right size, shape, and cleanliness.
The placement of paving material increasingly involves a paving machine for distributing the aggregate, asphalt, or concrete uniformly and to the required thickness, shape, and width (typically, one or two traffic lanes). The paving machine can slipform the edges of the course, thus avoiding the need for fixed side-forms. As it progresses down the road, it applies some preliminary compaction and also screeds and finishes the pavement surface. In modern machines, level control is by laser sighting.
In producing a spray-and-chip seal surface (or a bituminous surface treatment), a porous existing surface is covered with a film of hot, fluid bitumen that is sprayed in sufficient quantity to fill voids, cracks, and crevices without leaving excess bitumen on the surface. The surface is then sprayed with a more viscous hot bitumen, which is immediately covered with a layer of uniform-size stone chips spread from a dump truck. The roadway is then rolled to seat the stone in the sticky bitumen, and excess stone is later cleared by a rotary broom.
139. Look at the pictures (Pic. 36A – 36H).Which one is:
1)a back actor;
2)a bulldozer;
3)a crusher;
4)a dump truck;
5)a grader;
6)a hauling scraper;
7)a roller;
8)a rotary broom?
What are these machines used for?
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