Unit 4

Section A. Analyze and weight the supporting information

Theory

The purpose of the analysis is to make reasoned sense of the information that Сhas been gathered. The findings of the analysis need to be balanced, justifiable and where possible quantifiable. The process of business planning and market analysis usually starts with the entrepreneur determining what questions need to be answered in order to make better decisions. From these questions, broad research criteria are established, which in turn lead into specific research questions. The иresearch is then designed to provide the data to answer the research questions which then support the business decisions. The research questions take into consideration target market and the type of information required. A research plan is developed which incorporates perceived target markets, methodologies, cost and

research schedule.б

Findings are often compared and contrasted in effort to present the Business Concept or new business ideas in a background that enhances their alignment to the target audience. Detailed facts and figures need to be interpreted by explaining what they mean, what significance they have to the purpose of the report and how significant they are toАthe audience decision making process. It is an accepted practice that the main content section of a business report presents this information in a summarized format, then referring the reader to attachments to the report for the detailed data and analysis. The continuity of relationship between the data

1.What is the aim of the analysisДof supporting information in business report? И

2.What qualities should have the data and findings of the report?

3.What should be taken into consideration in the research questions?

4.What does the research plan incorporate?

5.What is the main aim of comparison and contrast of report findings?

6.What is the need to explain the report’s facts and figures?

7.What are the acceptable ways of explaining for business report?collected, their credibility and the resulting analysis will directly relate to theweightcommercialQuestions:

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Section B. Automobile engineers

Reading

1. Automobile engineers. What do they do?

2. Describe their duties and responsibilities.

3. What qualities should they have?

4. Is this profession in a great demand today or not? Why?

С5. Read the text to learn more about automobile engineers.

Engineers having expertise in vehicle technology are called automotive engineers. Automotive engineering deals with the different elements of mechanical, electrical, electronic, software, and safety engineering, all concerned with automobiles. The technology which goes into designing, manufacturing, and

operation of a vehicle is termed as automobile engineering.

The various sections of automobile engineering may be briefly classified as below:

product engineering, development engineering, and manufacturing engineering. As far as product engineering is concerned,Дthe design engineering part is also included in that section. Product engineers deal with the design of the automobile right from its conceptual stages, taking it through the design phase on to the manufacturing activity. Product engineers are also responsible for testing the sub– assemblies of the vehicle before it is approved to be a qualified part that can be fitted during manufacturing of the vehicle.

Various parts that go into a vehicle have a specification, and this specification is decided by the development engineer in automobile engineering. For example, the development engineer will provide the production engineer with the spring rate that he would want to utilise in the vehicle, so as to achieve the right

in which the development engineer has the responsibility for coordinating delivery of the engineering attributes of a complete automobile (bus, car, truck, van, SUV, etc.) as dictated by the automobile manufacturer, governmental regulations, and the customer who buys the product.

Much like the Systems Engineer, the Development Engineer is concerned with the interactions of all systems in the complete automobile. While there are multiple components and systems in an automobile that have to function as

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designed, they must also work in harmony with the complete automobile. As an example, the brake system's main function is to provide braking functionality to the automobile. Along with this, it must also provide an acceptable level of: pedal feel (spongy, stiff), brake system «noise» (squeal, shudder, etc.), and interaction with the ABS (anti–lock braking system).

Another aspect of the development engineer's job is a trade–off process required to deliver all the automobile attributes at a certain acceptable level. An Сexample of this is the trade–off between engine performance and fuel economy. While some customers are looking for maximum power from their engine, the automobile is still required to deliver an acceptable level of fuel economy. From the engine's perspective, these are opposing requirements. Engine performance is иlooking for maximum displacement (bigger, more power), while fuel economy is looking for a smaller displacement engine (ex: 1.4 L vs. 5.4 L). The engine size, though is not the only contributing factor to fuel economy and automobile performance. Other attributes include: automobile weight, aerodynamic drag,

transmissionбgearing, emission control devices, and tires.

The Development Engineer is also responsible for organizing automobile level testing, validation, and certification. Components and systems are designed and tested individually by the Product Engineer. The final evaluation though, has to be conducted at the automobile level to evaluate system to system interactions. As an example, the audioАsystem (radio) needs to be evaluated at the automobile level. Interaction with other electronic components can cause interference. Heat dissipation of the system and ergonomic placement of the controls need to be evaluated. Sound quality in all seating positions needs to be provided at acceptable levels.

Manufacturing Engineers at Дautomotive companies are involved in a wide array of manufacturing activities. They plan and engineer the assembly of whole vehicles as well as the individual parts that go into the vehicles. Design and layout of equipment and people, machine rates and line rates, specification of automation equipment, and manufacturing safety procedures are all some of the jobs that Manufacturing Engineers do. И

Assembly plants build vehicles from parts they receive...they rarely build parts themselves. Manufacturing engineers at assembly plants plan out the body shop, engine and transmission placement, and the trim and chassis area of the final assembly. Seats, radios, interior trim panels, pick–up bedliners and wheels are examples of parts that need to be manufactured for a vehicle and whose creation would be overseen by an Automotive Manufacturing Engineer. While body panels, usually stamped sheet metal, have typically remained within the OEM, the general trend for all other parts is for them to be bought from outside suppliers. Most vehicles have greater than 60% supplier content (The Toyota Product Development System, Morgan and Liker)

The automotive industry has its own culture that Automotive Manufacturing Engineers need to know to effectively operate. The Automotive Industry Action Group (AIAG), a consortium composed of hundreds of participating companies, have established rules and procedures that ensure parts meet strict quality levels.

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An Automotive Manufacturing Engineer typically works with statistics and process controls, validating that the process that produces parts will always produce those parts with quality. They also search for ways to continuously improve the process between product upgrades.

Much of research goes into the aspects of crash scenarios in vehicles. This is designed and implemented by the safety engineering people. The design is tested under stringent conditions laid down by the government and follows strict quality

Сcontrol. The regulations set by the government include, the functionalities of air– bag and seat belts in the vehicle, the safety related to front and side crash possibilities, the roll–over resistance, etc. These are tested and assessed by various methods and tools, and at times in real simulated crash scenarios.

иThe product engineer is also responsible to measure the fuel efficiency of the vehicle in terms of miles per gallon or kilometer per litre, and also tests the emission of the vehicle by measuring the hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), and evaporative emissions.

Theбvehicle dynamics, which are essentially the noise, vibration, and harshness of the vehicle, are tested by the vehicle dynamics engineer, to ensure that the vehicle has been manufactured with the right dynamics specifications that have been set by the design engineers.

The performance of the vehicle is the impression of the driver as he drives the vehicle and tries Аto perceive the different aspects of the vehicle’s manner of performance. This would include its power and pick–up, the acceleration, sound of the engine, the feel of the acceleration pedal, and the shift quality. The performance of the vehicle is observed with different running conditions of the vehicle, such as, wide–open throttle acceleration, 0–60 mph (0–100 km/h), or highway passing over. The engineДperformance is tested by the perception of the driver on the shift quality of the vehicle. It is the test of the vehicle to an «automatic transmission banana event». The engine, the transmission, driveline, the suspension, etc. are the ones which are included in testing automatic transmission banana event of the vehicle.

Safety Engineering: Safety Engineering isИthe assessment of various crash scenarios and their impact on the vehicle occupants. These are tested against very stringent governmental regulations. Some of these requirements include: Seat belt and air bag functionality. Front and side crash worthiness. Resistance to rollover. Assessments are done with various methods and tools: Computer crash simulation, crash test dummies, partial system sled and full vehicle crashes.

Fuel Economy/Emissions: Fuel economy is the measured fuel efficiency of the vehicle in miles per gallon or litres per 100 kilometres. Emissions testing the measurement of the vehicles emissions: hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), and evaporative emissions.

Vehicle Dynamics: Vehicle dynamics is the vehicle's response of the following attributes: ride, handling, steering, braking, and traction. Design of the chassis systems of suspension, steering, braking, structure (frame), wheels and tires, and traction control are highly leveraged by the Vehicle Dynamics engineer to deliver the Vehicle Dynamics qualities desired.

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NVH Engineering (Noise, Vibration, and Harshness): NVH is the customer's impression both tactile (feel) and audible (hear) feedback from the vehicle. While sound can be interpreted as a rattle, squeal, or hoot, a tactile response can be seat vibration, or a buzz in the steering wheel. This feedback is generated by components either rubbing, vibrating or rotating. NVH response can be classified in various ways: powertrain NVH, road noise, wind noise, component noise, and squeak and rattle. Note, there are both good and bad NVH qualities. The NVH

Сengineer works to either eliminate bad NVH, or change the «bad NVH» to good (i.e., exhaust tones).

Performance: Performance is the driver’s perception of the vehicle's power and pickup. This is influenced by vehicle acceleration, sound of the engine, accelerator pedal feel, and shift quality. Performance is perceived in various ways: wide–open–throttle (WOT) acceleration, 0 – 62 mph (0 – 100 km/h) – launch performance, or highway passing power.

Shift Quality: Shift Quality is the driver’s perception of the vehicle to an

automatic transmission banana event. This is influenced by the powertrain (engine,

acceleration (1 – 2), or a downshift maneuver in passing (4 – 2). Shift engagements of the vehicle are also evaluated, as in Park to Reverse, etc.

Durabilityб/ Corrosion Engineering: Durability and Corrosion engineering is the evaluation testing of a vehicle for its useful life. This includes mileage

designs/analyzes the occupantАaccommodations (seat roominess), ingress/egress to the vehicle, and the driver’s field of vision (gauges and windows). The Package

accumulation, severe driving conditions, and corrosive salt baths.

Package / Ergonomics Engineering: Package Engineering is a discipline that

Engineer is also responsible for other areas of the vehicle like the engine compartment, and the component to component placement. Ergonomics is the discipline that assesses the occupant's access to the steering wheel, pedals, and

environment and level of comfort related to theИtemperature and humidity. From the windshield defrosting, to the heating and cooling capacity, all vehicle seating positions are evaluated to a certain level of comfort.

Drivability: Drivability is the vehicle’s response to general driving conditions. Cold starts and stalls, rpm dips, idle response, launch hesitations and stumbles, and performance levels.

Cost: The cost of a vehicle program is typically split into the effect on the variable cost of the vehicle, and the up–front tooling and fixed costs associated with developing the vehicle. There are also costs associated with warranty reductions, and marketing.

Program timing: To some extent programs are timed with respect to the market, and also to the production schedules of the assembly plants. Any new part

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in the design must support the development and manufacturing schedule of the model.

Assembly Feasibility: It is easy to design a module that is hard to assemble, either resulting in damaged units, or poor tolerances. The skilled product development engineer works with the assembly/manufacturing engineers so that the resulting design is easy and cheap to make and assemble, as well as delivering

were used in this and previous texts.

Automobile engineering or automotive engineering is the branch of engineering which deals with the study as how to design, manufacture and operate automobiles like buses, trucks, cars etc. and also their respective engineering subsystems. This can also be a grouped under vehicle engineering.

An automobile engineer’s main duty is to design, test and develop vehicles and/or components from concept stage through to production stage. The vehicle after being launched in the market also needs improvement. Then it comes to the duty of the automobile engineer to improve the vehicle in response to customer’s feedback.

Automobile engineers further can specialize in the areas such as aerodynamics, alternative fuels, chassis, electronics, emissions, ergonomics, manufacturing, materials, motorsport, power train, rapid prototyping, vehicle and

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pedestrian safety or supply chain management etc. The responsibility of automobile engineer is always in maintaining the high standard of vehicle by the use of traditional methods and state–of–the–art technology.

In recent times, owing to the rapid growth of automobile industries in the country, the demand for skilled professionals has also been increased considerably. Hence opting for a career in automobile engineering will be interesting as well as rewarding.

СMechanical engineering is a frontier branch of engineering discipline which involves the application of laws and principles of Physics to analyze, design, manufacture, and maintain the mechanical systems. A mechanical engineer understands the key concepts including mechanics, kinematics, thermodynamics and energy. He/she may work in varied fields which use mechanical systems including automobiles, aircraft, heating & cooling systems, manufacturing plants, industrial equipment and machinery, medical devices and more.

c)Technology – ____________.

d)Economy – ____________.

e)Programming – ___________.

f)Designing – _____________.

3.Study the following word–building rule and translate the sentences below.

a)There is a drill on the workbench.

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