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Disjunctive/Tag-Questions;
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Alternative Questions;
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Special/Pronominal Questions;
3) Sentences of hypothetic modality /Речення гіпотетичної модальності. The semantics of hypothesis may be expressed in the contrasted languages both with isomorphic as well as with allomorphic lexical means. Isomorphic is the expression of hypothetic modality by means of predicative parts or through the inserted notional words/phrases which are either modal words/phrases or predicates that include notional and modal verbs or their lexical equivalents. As, for example, in the following sentences: Perhaps he was really not so young as he looked. (Conrad) – Може, він і справді не був таким молодим, як із вигляду.
The expression of hypothetic modality through modal words is therefore identical in both languages. So is, generally, the expression of this kind of modality by means of the modal verbal predicates. Pertaining to Ukrainian, however, is mostly the predominant expression of hypothetic modality through the modal particles б/би, десь, ледве, ніби, наче, либонь, чи не, ледве (чи) не, навряд чи and some others.
4) Sentences of incentive modality /Речення спонукальної модальності. Incentive modality originates in English and Ukrainian from optative modality and may have the meaning of incentiveness proper or it may express wishful incentiveness. Hence, the two different structural types of sentences to express these varieties of incentiveness:
A. Imperative sentences, i. e. such sentences in which the main in centive meaning constitutes a categorial demand which is expressed through the imperative mood forms of verbs denoting order, command, request, warning, prohibition, persuasion, etc. The incentive meaning of this type is realised through a) one-member sentences, eg: Silence! Stop talking! b) through two-member sentences, eg: Vanish the dream! Van ish the idle fears! (Longfellow) Згинь, ця думко! (Згинь же, безпід ставний страх!) "Clear the road, you bums." (Caldwell) Зійдіть з дороги, волоцюги!/ Тікайте з дороги, волоцюги!
Incentive modality may also be expressed in exclamatory sentences through the meaning of the auxiliary verb "let" and in Ukrainian by the particles нум or нумо. Cf. "Let me go and see him alone." (Maugham) Хай / Нум я сам зайду до нього. Let George do it. Хай/Нехай хтось інший робить це. Let bygones be bygones! Що було те загуло. (Saying)
B. Exclamatory as well as some other semantic types of sentences may have the form of a) affirmative or interrogative sentences: He took no notice of Mariam! (Lawrence) Він навіть не помічав Маріам! What a medley of opinions! (Goldsmith) Яка мішанина думок! "Isn't it mar vellous?" (Parker) Хіба ж це не чудово! b) Exclamatory sentences of this type may also have the form of unextended or extended infinitival sentences: But to sneak her (Fleur) like this! (Galsworthy) Щоб так оце викрасти її! с) They may also have the form/structure of nominal sentences: The sky, the flowers, the songs of birds! (Galsworthy) — Чисте небо, квіточки, пташиний спів! The rain. The welcome rain! (Longfellow) Дощ, давно очікуваний дощ!
5) Rhetorical questions have a modal meaning which does not contain any new information for the speaker. Structurally interrogative by form, these questions contain a negative or an affirmative statement with a respective implicit answer. Rhetorical questions realise structurally a statement and a question simultaneously. Cf.: Can the leopard change his spots? or: Have I not suffered things to be forgiven? (Byron) Is it fair to take advantage of a man like this? (B. Shaw) Or in Ukrainian: Хіба горбатого могила виправить? А кого це кортить? Що ти кому казатимеш? Що тут удієш?