Глава 8

1. Некоторые идеи этого раздела сформировались под влиянием: Rajesh Chandy and Gerard J. Tellis, "The Incumbent's Curse? Incumbency, Size and Radical Product Innovation"', Journal of Marketing, 64(3): 1-17 (July 2000); Rajesh Chandy and Gerard J. Tellis, "Organizing for Radical Product Innovation", Journal of Marketing Research 35:474-487 (November 1998); Clayton M. Christensen, The Innovator's Dilemma: When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA, 1997.

2. Gary Jacobson and John Hillkirk, Xerox: American Samurai, Macmillan, New York, 1986, p. 214.

3. Michael Hiltzik, Dealers of Lightning: Xerox PARC and the Dawn of the Computer Age, HarperBusiness/HarperCollins, New York, 1999, p. 36.

4. George E. Pake, "Research at Xerox PARC: A Founder's Assessment", IEEE Spectrum, 22(10):56 (October 1985).

5. Другие источники: "A Market Mostly for the Giants", Business Week, June 30, 1975, pp. 71-80; "Xerox's Bid to Be No. 1 in Offices", Business Week, June 22, 1981, pp. 77-78; Robert X. Cringley, Accidental Empires, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1993; "Xerox: The McColough

Era", Forbes, July 1, 1969, pp. 24-32; "An Apple for Xerox?" Forbes, July 1, 1971, pp. 32-34; "Does Collision", Forbes, Aug. 15,1972, pp. 40-42; Jacob E. Goldman, in Richard S. Rosenbloom, ed., "Innovation in Large Firms", Research in Technological Innovation, Management and Policy, vol. 2, JAI Press, Greenwich, CT, 1985, pp. 1-10; Hiltzik, op. cit.; Jeff Johnson and Teresa L. Roberts, "The Xerox 'Star': A Retrospective", IEEE Computer, September 1989; Peter Kilborn, . "Can Xerox Copy Itself?" The New York Times, Dec. 1, 1974, section 3, p. 1; Pake, op. cit.; George E. Pake, "From Research to Innovation at Xerox: A Manager's Principles and Some Examples", in R. S. Rosenbloom, ed., Research on Technological Innovation, Management and Policy, vol. 3, JAI Press, Greenwich, CT, 1986, pp. 1-32; Tekla S. Perry and Paul Wallich, "Inside the PARC: The 'Information Architects'", IEEE Spectrum, 22( 10):54-76 (October 1985); Douglas K. Smith and Robert С Alexander, Fumbling the Future, William Morrow, New York, 1988; Gene Smith, "A Series of Promotions to the Top Post", The New York Times, May 26, 1968; Chuck Thacker, "Personal Distributed Computing: The Alto and Ethernet Hardware", in Edele Goldberg, ed., A History of Personal Workstations, ACM Press, New York, 1988, pp. 267-335.

6. "A Market Mostly for the Giants", op. cit.; "Xerox's Bid to Be No. 1 in Offices", op. cit..; Cringley, op. cit.; "Xerox: The McColough Era", op. cit.; "An Apple for Xerox?" op. cit.; "Does Collision", op. cit.; Goldman, op. cit.; Hiltzik, op. cit.; Johnson and Roberts, op. cit.; Kilborn, op. cit.; Pake, "Research at Xerox PARC", op. cit.; Pake, "From Research", op. cit.; Perry and Wallich, op. cit.; Smith and Alexander, op. cit.; Smith, Gene, op. cit.; Thacker, op. cit.

7. Hiltzik, op. cit., p. 131.

8. Ibid.

9. Ibid., p. 132.

10. Ibid., p. 133.

11. Ibid.

12. Ibid., p. 144.

13. Delia De Lafuente, "The Champaign Net Work/AVhiz Kids from U. of I. Make Millions in Cyberspace", Chicago Sun-Times, Sept. 17, 1995, p. 33.

14. John Markoff, "A Free and Simple Computer Link", The New York Times, Dec. 8, 1995, p. Dl.

15. Delia De Lafuente, op. cit., 1995.

16. Ibid.

17. Другие источники: Paul Andrews, "Web Browser Finds No Honor at Its Illinois Academic Birthplace", The Seattle Times, Oct. 9, 1997; Jim Clark and Owen Edwards, Netscape Time: The Making of the Billion-Dollar Start-Up That Took on Microsoft, St. Martin's Press, New York, 1999; Alan Deutschman, "Imposter Boy", Gentleman's Quarterly, January 1997; Stan J. Liebowitz and Stephen E. Margolis, Winners, Losers and Microsoft: Competition and Antitrust in High Technology, The Independent Institute, Oakland, CA, 1999; "A Short Sleep before Exploring Version 5.0", ABIX (Australia news abstracts), Aug. 20, 1996; Hal Berghel, "Who Won the Mosaic War?" ACM, vol. 41(10), October 1998, pp. 13-16; Michael A. Cusumano and David B. Yoff ie, Competing on Internet Time: Lessons from Netscape and Its Battle with Microsoft, Free Press/Simon & Schuster, New York, 1998; Gilder George, "Telecosm: The Coming Software Shift", Forbes ASAP, Aug. 28, 1995, pp. 147 ff.; Katie Hafner and Mathew Lyon, "Where Wizards Stay Up Late", Touch stone, New York, 1996; Robert D. Hof, "From the Man Who Brought You Silicon Graphics... Can Jim Clark Score Again with User-Friendly Internet Software?" Business Week, Oct. 24, 1994, p. 90; Scott McMurray, "Diplomas and Dollars:

The University of Illinois Churns Out Big-Time Software Entrepreneurs, Champaign, 111." U.S. News & World Report, 1996, pp. 48-49; Paul Merrion, "A Tangle in School's Netscape Win", Crain Communications Inc., 09, Oct. 19, 1995; Julie Pitta, "Investors Get Caught Up in the Netscape", Los Angeles Times, 1995, pp. D3, D5; Vivian Pospisil and John Teresko, "50 R&D Stars to Watch", Industry Week, Dec. 19, 1994, p. 60; "University of Illinois and Netscape Communications Reach Agreement", PR Newswire, Dec. 21, 1994; Gary Samuels, "Tale of Two Interneters: Netscape Has Gotten the Headlines, but Spyglass Is Making Money", Forbes Inc., Sept. 1995, p. 48; Jared Sandberg, "Netscape Has Technical Whiz in Andreessen", The Wall Street Journal, Aug. 11, 1995, p. BI.

18. "Looking Ahead", Fortune, Dec. 28, 1992, p. 32.

19. "ASAP Interview Bill Gates", Forbes ASAP, Dec. 7, 1992, pp. 63, 74.

18. David Allison, "Bill Gates Interview", National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, http://www.americanhistory.si.edu/csr/comphist/gates.htm.

18. Jeffrey Young, Greatest Technology Stories, Wiley, New York, 1998, p. 258.

19. "ASAP Interview Bill Gates", op. cit., p. 71.

18. Daniel Ichbiah and Susan Knepper, The Making of Microsoft, Prima Publishing, Rocklin, CA, 1991, p. 40.

19. Другие источники: Paul E. Ceruzzi, A History of Modern Computing, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1999; Cringley op. cit.; Paul Freiberger and Michael Swaine, Fire in the Valley: The Making of the Personal Computer, Osborne/McGraw-Hill, Berkeley, CA, 1984; Janet Lowe, Bill Gates Speaks: Insight from the World's Greatest Entrepreneur, Wiley, New York, 1998; Joel N. Shurkin, Engines of the Mind: A History of the Computer, Norton, New York, 1984; Randall E. Stress, The Microsoft Way, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1996.