3D graphics 3d-графика, трёхмерная графика, объёмная графика

component-based architecture компонентная архитектура

core functions основная функция

extensibility наращиваемость, возможность наращивания, возможность расширения

game developer разработчик игр(ы)

game engine игровой движок

loosely connected нежёстко соединённый

marketing demo демонстрационная версия маркетинга

middleware ПО средней сложности, межплатформенное ПО, ПО промежуточного слоя

physics engine физический движок fyzické jádro

platform платформа (архитектура технических или программных средств)

rendering рендеринг

rendering engine (renderer) механизм визуализации, устройство рендеринга, (рендерер) rendering

scene graph граф сцены

scripting скриптинг

software программное обеспечение (ПО)

Video game компьютерная игра, видеоигра, электронная игра

Exercise 1 Put articles if necessary; if no article is necessary, put “x”:

The term ”game middleware” stand for … game engines providing … flexible and reusable software solution that ensures all needed … core functions. Such … solution allows … same game to be run on … various platforms including … game consoles and … personal computers. Only few, if any, changes should be made to … game source code in these cases. Some game engines are even designed as … series of … loosely connected middleware components that can be selectively combined to create … custom engine. However … extensibility is achieved, it remains … high priority in … games engines due to … wide variety of … uses for which they are applied. Despite … specific name, … game engines are often used for other kinds of … interactive applications with … real-time graphical requirements. The examples of such … applications include … marketing demos, architectural visualizations, training simulations, and modelling environments.

Text 13

Game engine id Tech 3

id Tech 3 is a game engine developed by the company id Software for Quake III Arena (see more details in Online game playing). It has been used in many games under the Quake III and Quake III Arena. During that time, it competed with the Unreal engine; both engines were widely licensed.

id Tech 3 is a substantial improvement from the previous Quake engine and id Tech 2. Although id Tech 3 was derived from the id Tech 2, a large portion of the code was new or rewritten. Unlike most other games released at the time, including its primary competitor Unreal Tournament , Quake III requires an OpenGL-compliant graphics accelerator (also named a graphics processing unit or GPU) to run. The game does not include a software renderer, which takes place entirely in the Central Processing Unit (CPU).

3. The graphical technology of the game is based tightly around a “shader” system, where the appearance of many surfaces can be defined in text files referred to as “shader scripts.” Quake III also introduced spline-based curved surfaces in addition to planar volumes, which are responsible for many of the surfaces present within the game. Quake III also provided support for models animated using vertex animation with attachment tags, allowing models to maintain separate torso and leg animations and hold weapons. Quake III is one of the first games, where the third-person model is able to look up and down and around as the head, torso and legs are separate. Other visual features include volumetric fog, mirrors, portals, decals, and wave-form vertex deformity.

4. For networking, id Tech 3 uses a “snapshot” system to relay information about game “frames” to the client over the User Datagram Protocol (UDP). The server attempts to omit as much information as possible about each frame, relaying only differences from the last frame the client confirmed as received.

5. id Tech 3 uses a virtual machine to control object behavior on the server, effects and prediction on the client and the user interface. This opens up many advantages as mod authors do not need to worry about crashing the entire game with bad code. Moreover, clients could show more advanced effects and game menus than was possible in Quake II . Further, the user interface for mods was entirely customizable. Unless operations that require a specific endianness are used, a QVM file will run on any platform supported by Quake III.

Vocabulary

customizable настраиваемый, приспосабливаемый

decal переводной рисунок, трафарет

endianness (ordering of individually addressable sub-units) порядок байтов – метод записи байтов многобайтовых чисел в информатике

game engine игровой движок

gameplay гейм-плей, геймплей

graphics accelerator графический акселератор, видеоакселератор, ускоритель 3-мерной графики, графический процессор ГПУ

interpreter интерпретирующая программа, программа-интерпретатор

mod модификация

mod authors авторы модификаций

planar volumes планарный объём

rendering рендеринг

rendering engine (renderer) механизм визуализации, устройство рендеринга, (рендерер, визуализатор)

scripting скриптинг

shader шейдер

shader script шейдерный скрипт

shader system шейдерная система

snapshot system метод моментального снимка

spline-based curved surfaces сложнопрофильная поверхность

vertex animation вертексная (вершинная) анимация (также пер-вертексная анимация)

virtual machine виртуальная машина (вычислительная)

volumetric fog объемный туман

wave-form vertex distortion волнистость, перекос, искажение вертексной анимации

Exercise 1 Choose the right prefix from the list in brackets:

id Tech 3 is a substantial improvement from the •••ceding Quake engine and id Tech 2. (ante-, pre-, post-, retro-)

During that time, id Tech 3 competed with the •••real engine. (un-, im-, in-, il-, ir-, non-)

Although id Tech 3 was derived from the id Tech 2, a large portion of code was new or •••written. (re-, over-)

•••like most other games released at the time Quake III requires an OpenGL-compliant graphics accelerator to run. (dis-, un-, im-, in-, il-, ir-, non-)

id Tech 3 uses a virtual machine to control object behavior on the server, effects and prediction on the client and the user •••face. (super-, trans-, inter-, ex-, extra-)

Other visual features include volumetric fog, mirrors, portals, decals, and wave-form vertex •••formity. (un-, im-, in-, il-, ir-, de-, non-)

less operations that require a specific endianness are used, a QVM file will run on any platform supported by Quake III. (dis-, un-, im-, in-, il-, ir-, non-)

Exercise 2 Write down words with opposite meaning by using prefixes in brackets :

1 prove….(un, im, de)

2 kind…….(in, im, un)

3 mature….(un, im, in)

4 visible….(un, in, de)

5 proper……(im, in, un)

Text 14

Variability and intermittency of wind energy

Electricity generated from wind power is highly variable at several time scales: from hour to hour, daily, and seasonally. Annual variations also exist, but it is not so significant. Like other electricity sources, wind energy must be “scheduled”. Wind power forecasting methods are used, but predictability of a wind plant output remains low for short-term operations.

Since instantaneous electrical generation and consumption must remain in balance to maintain grid stability, this variability causes substantial difficulties when incorporating large amounts of wind power (large penetration) into a grid system. The higher level of wind energy penetration the greater problems arise to incorporate wind power into a grid system.

The wind energy penetration refers to the part of electricity produced by wind compared with the total available generation capacity. There is no generally accepted “maximum” level of wind penetration. The limit for a particular grid depends on the existing generating plants, pricing mechanisms, capacity for storage or demand management, and other factors. Studies have indicated that 20% of the total electricity consumption may be incorporated with tolerable difficulty. These studies have been worked out for locations with geographically dispersed wind farms, or hydropower with storage capacity, demand management, and interconnection to a large grid area export of electricity when needed. Beyond this level, there are few technical limits, but the economic implications become more significant. At present (as of 2010), a few grid systems have penetration of wind energy around 10% or above: Denmark (21%), Spain (16%), Portugal (18%), Germany (9%) and the Republic of Ireland (14%).[3]

Intermittency and the non-dispatchable nature of wind energy production can raise costs for regulation, incremental operating reserve, and require an increase in the already existing energy demand management, load shedding, or storage solutions or system interconnection with high voltage direct current (HVDC) cables. Transmission networks must already cope with outages of generation plant and daily changes in electrical demand. Systems with large wind capacity components may need more spinning reserve (plants operating at less than full load).

Vocabulary

demand management регулирование нагрузки энергосистемы, управление электропотреблением

economic implications экономические последствия

electrical demand потребность в электроэнергии, электрическая нагрузка

financial incentive финансово-материальный стимул

generation capacity объём выработки

grid system. объединённая энергосистема, система сетей

HVDC (High Voltage Direct Current) постоянный ток высокого напряжения stejnosměrný proud vysokého napětí

load shedding сброс нагрузки, снижение нагрузки

non-dispatchable nature неуправляемый характер (вырабатываемой электроэнергии)

non-overlapping periods of time неперекрывающиеся промежутки времени

operating reserve оперативный резерв мощности

penetration проникновение, глубина проникновения

power outage прекращение электроснабжения

scheduled запланированный, планируемый, плановый

spinning reserve вращающийся резерв, горячий резерв

time scale масштаб времени, шкала времени, временной масштаб

transmission network передающие сети, магистральная сеть

Exercise 1 Make sentences putting the given words into a correct order:

load – By – electricity – stopped – power – we mean – shedding – outage – delivery is – electrical – where – an -.

of – is the – management – demand – energy – modification – consumer - demand – for – Energy -.

voltage – by the – national – networks – electric – transmission – UK – the high – In the – is meant – grid -.

technology – for – High – voltage – direct – than – greater – transfer – electricity – refers to – current - 600 km -.

is taken to be – load – plants – Spinning – full – at less – than – reserve – operating -.

Exercise 2 Make questions to the sentences below:

By load shedding we mean an electrical power outage where electricity delivery is stopped.

Energy demand management is the modification of consumer demand for energy.

In the UK the national grid denotes the high voltage electric transmission networks.

High-voltage direct-current technology refers to electricity transfer for very long distances, typically greater than 600 km.

Spinning reserve is taken to be plants operating at less than full load.

Text 15

World Wide Web

The World Wide Web (WWW or simply the Web) is a system of interlinked, hypertext documents that runs over the Internet. A Web browser enables a user to view Web pages that may contain text, images, and other multimedia. Moreover, the browser ensures navigation between the pages using hyperlinks. The Web was created around 1990 by the English Tim Berners-Lee and the Belgian Robert Cailliau working at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland.

Architecture of the semantic Web

The term Web is often mistakenly used as a synonym for the Internet itself, but the Web is a service that operates over the Internet, as e-mail, for example, does. The history of the Internet dates back significantly further than that of the Web.

Exercise 1 Make sentences putting the given words into a correct order:

pages – A Web – a user to – browser – enables – Web – view – .

images – contain – Web – other – text – , and – pages – multimedia – may – .

navigations – Hyperlinks – used – pages – are – web – between – for – .

Berners-Lee – be the – Web – conceived the – Semantic – Web to – .

pages – Web – include – Most – hyperlinks – .

server-name – The first – resolve – step, – , is to – IP address – the URL – part of – into an – of the -.

HTTP – sent – A – to the – request – server – is – Web – .

Exercise 2 Choose correct answers to the questions beginning with the words in brackets:

1 By definition or by necessity, the Web has such a massive potential

for social exchange. (Why … ?)

Why does the web have such a massive potential for social exchange?

Why does have the web such a massive potential for social exchange?

Why the web has such a massive potential for social exchange?

2 The Web is the most far-reaching and extensive medium of

personal exchange to appear on the Earth. (What … ?)

What is the web medium?

What medium is the web?

What medium the web is?

3 Some search engines such as Google or Yahoo! also store

cached content from Web sites. (What … ?) (subject question)

What do some search engines also store from Web sites?

What search engines store cached content from Web sites?

What store some search engines from Web sites?

4 Unique resource identifiers locate a particular resource (a computer

file, document or other resource) on the network (Where … ?)

Where do URIs locate a particular resource?

Where locate URIs a particular resource?

Where URIs locate a particular resource?

5 In the Client-server model of computing a server computer

provides the client with data. (What … with?)

What a server computer provides the client with?

What provides a server computer the client with?

What does a server computer provide the client with?

6 The HTML text is first requested and parsed by the browser.

(What … by?)

a. What the HTML is first requested and parsed by?

What is the HTML first requested and parsed by?

What is first requested and parsed the HTML by?

7 More than 550 million documents on the Web are mostly in

the “invisible Web”. (How many … ?)

How many documents on the web are mostly in the „invisible web“?

How many documents are on the web mostly in the „invisible web“?

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