- •Часть I
- •The Material for the Future
- •Vocabulary
- •Grammar
- •Speaking
- •Nature and Origin of Wood
- •Vocabulary
- •Grammar
- •Speaking
- •Vocabulary
- •Grammar
- •Speaking
- •Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect Tenses Active Voice
- •Wood formation
- •Vocabulary
- •Grammar
- •Speaking
- •Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect Tenses Passive Voice
- •Wood as a Raw Material
- •Vocabulary
- •Grammar
- •Speaking
- •Trees - the rings of our life
- •Vocabulary
- •Grammar
- •Speaking
- •On Forests and Wood
- •Vocabulary
- •Grammar
- •If you could visit any country in the world, where would you go to?
- •If you could meet a famous person, who would you choose?
- •If someone gave you £ 500, what would you buy?
- •If you could, what would you change about your appearance?
- •If you were prime minister or president, what would you change first?
- •Speaking
- •Measures to Avoid Deterioration of Lumber
- •Vocabulary
- •Grammar
- •Speaking
- •Preservation of Wood
- •Vocabulary
- •Grammar
- •Speaking
- •Unit 10
- •Mastering Timber
- •Vocabulary
- •What is a Sequoia?
- •Grammar
- •Speaking
- •Literature used
- •Contents
- •Vocabulary
Grammar
Exercise 1. Define the functions of "to be" and translate the following sentences.
1. Kiln-dried boards are light in weight and resistant to decay. 2. The logs are to be saturated with preservatives. 3. In Scandinavia, modern progressive kilns are
being used extensively for drying softwoods. 4. Cold coatings are liquid at ordinary temperatures and can be applied without being heated. 5. Our aim is to protect forests from their enemies. 6. Timber is usually graded and classified into
different qualities. 7. The drying rate of lumber was affected by the way the boards were stacked. 8. The most common method of seasoning wood is to place timber in the open air in piles. 9. The old traditional methods of producing lumber are still being used in many countries. 10. Great damage was caused by the last fire.
Exercise 2. Define the functions of "to have" and translate the following sentences.
1. The annual area of afforestation in Ireland has declined in recent years. 2. Timber constructions when properly designed have good durability. 3. Many buildings have been erected using glued laminated timber. 4. The experience of many decades has shown the advantages and disadvantages of different kinds of glues. 5. The young spruce will have reached the maturity by the beginning of the next year. 6. After we had counted the annual rings we learned the age of the tree. 7. A tree has to grow a long time before we can get timber and lumber. 8. Some long - term trade agreements with France has enabled our enterprise to get substantial profit. 9. The boards have to be inspected before shipping. 10. Alder wood has always been regarded as a shipbuilding wood.
Speaking
Speak about:
1. The necessity of mastering timber.
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Literature used
Air Drying of Lumber, USDA, Forest Products Laboratory. General Technical Report.
Forestry – an International Journal of Forest Research. Volume 76. Number 1,2,3, 2003, Oxford, University press.
Journal of Forestry. – Washington D.C., 2001, №1-12.
Nordic Business and Industry Review 1995.
Swedish sawmill industry. Technical Review 2000, Tord Segerdable.
Timber Engineering. Step I. Step II. First Edition, Centrum Hout, The Netherlands, 1995.
Wood and wood products. Vans Publishing Corp. Lincolnshire. IL, 1997.
Contents
Unit 1. The Material for The Future.
Unit 2. Nature and Origin of Wood.
Unit 3. Timber.
Unit 4. Wood Formation.
Unit 5. Wood as a Raw Material.
Unit 6. Trees – The Rings of Our Life.
Unit 7. On Forests and Wood.
Unit 8. Measures to Avoid Deterioration of Lumber.
Unit 9. Preservation of Wood.
Unit 10. Mastering Timber.
Vocabulary.
Literature used.
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Vocabulary
A a
absorb additives adhesive advantage afforestation afforested air-drying alder allow allowable amount apply artificial ash axe |
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B b
bark balsa bay beech be prone to biodegradable birch downy birch silver birch board branchwood broadleaved buck butt |
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C c
cabinet making cambium cant
casein cavity cause cedar cell chamber charcoal check coating common composite conduct coniferous contain contract cooling cross-section cut cuttings |
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D d
damage decay decline defect density deterioration differ dioxide dipping direct directly dry durability |
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E e
ebony edge edgings elm
evaporate |
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F f
fashion fencing fibre fibreboard figure finishing fire fire-proofing fire-resistant fire-retardant flake float flooring foliage frame frame-saw fungi furnish furniture |
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G g
girth glue grade grain |
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H h
handle hard hardness hardwood heartwood heavy heterogeneous homogeneous humid
hydrofobic |
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I i
impregnate inch indispensable influence injury |
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J j
joinery |
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K k
kernel kiln compartment kiln progressive kiln knot pin knot |
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L l
laminated last layer length lignin log longitudinal lose loss lumber |
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M m
mahogany manufacture marshy mature
maturity mix moisture moisture content |
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O o
oak offcuts outer |
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P p
particle board pattern piece pile pine pitch plain-sawed plank planks plywood pond preservative processing property provide pulp pull apart |
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Q q
quality quantity quarter-sawed |
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R r
ray reconstituted reduce
remain remove require residue resin resinous resist resistant retain rot |
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S s
sandalwood sapwood saw sawdust sawlog sawing plain-sawing quarter-sawing sawmill seasoning seal shape shaping shavings shell size slab softwood solid solution sort sound species splitting spray spruce sitka spruce stack staining
steam stem sticker stiff stock stout strong structure stump substance sustainability swell |
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T t
take into account tangential taper teak temperate terminal shoot thick timber tissue tough treat trimmings trunk |
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U u
uniform |
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V v
value vanish veneer volume
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W w
walnut waste wet wide width wide-ringed workability |
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Y y
yard yield |
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