- •The adjective. Types of adj. Degrees of comparison.
- •The numeral and its properties.
- •The verb. Classification of verbs.
- •Classification of verbs:
- •The verb. The category of tense
- •6. The category of voice
- •7. The category of aspect in modern English
- •8. The category of mood
- •9. The noun. The category of number
- •10. The noun. The category of case
- •Grammatical peculiarities
- •Formation of tenses
- •Substitutes
- •13. The problem and the essence of the article in English.
- •15. The essence of the Perfect forms.
- •16.The pronoun.
- •17. Statives. The category of State .
- •The Functions of the Stative:
- •18. Morphemes.
- •19. The infinitive
- •I. The Objective-with-the-Infinitive Construction
- •II. The Subjective-with-the-Infinitive Construction (The Nominative-with-the-Infinitive Construction)
- •IV. The Absolute Infinitive Construction
- •22. The notion of a grammatical category. Its distinction from notional and philosophical categories.
- •23. Parts of speech and principles of their classification.
- •1 Principle
- •2 Principle
- •3 Principle
- •24. The sentence. The classification of sent-s according to their structure and communicative purposes.
- •25. Types of the simple sentences.
- •27 The object. Types of objects.
- •Types of object
- •Forms of object
- •28 The attribute. Types of attributes.
- •§ 87. From the point of view of their connection with the headword and other parts of the sentence, attributes may be divided into nondetached (close) and detached (loose) ones.
- •30. The predicate. Types of predicates.
- •31. Phrases. Types of phrases.
- •1. Attributive
- •2. Objective
- •32. Syndetic complex sentences. Types of subordinate clauses.
- •Classification:
- •33. Types of syntactic connection in a phrase:
- •Basic Word Order
- •Word order patterns
- •Word order in different sentences
- •Statements (Declarative sentences)
- •Questions (Interrogative sentences)
- •36. Composite sentences. Its difference from the simple sentence.
- •37. Types of adverbial modifiers.
- •Semantic characteristics of the adverbial modifier
- •§ 100. This adverbial expresses:
- •§ 101. The adverbial of time has four variations:
- •§ 104. This adverbial answers the identifying questions what for? for what purpose? It is most frequently expressed by an infinitive, an infinitive phrase or complex.
- •§ 111. This adverbial is expressed by a noun denoting a unit of measure (length, time, weight, money, temperature).
- •§ 112. This adverbial is expressed by nouns or prepositional phrases introduced by the prepositions but, except, save, but for, except for, save for, apart from, aside from, with the exclusion of.
- •38. The sequence of tences in English. Sequence of tenses in complex sentences
- •Part 2. Sequence of tenses in sentences with object clauses
- •Present or future in the main clause
- •Past tense in the main clause
- •Exception from the rule
- •The choice of a past tense in the object subordinate clause
- •40. The verb. The categories of person and number.
- •Verb: Person and Number.
- •In a communicative act, third person pronouns can be deictic and non-deictic (anaphoric).
- •In English, only the third person present tense singular form expresses person grammatically; therefore, the verb forms are obligatorily associated with personal pronouns.
- •I shall speak English
- •I am at home.
- •I was at home.
- •42. The semi-complex sentence.
- •43. The semi-compound sentence.
- •45. Смотри 40
- •46. The adverbs.
- •2) Spatial.
36. Composite sentences. Its difference from the simple sentence.
From the structural point of view sentences are classified as simple and composite. Composite sentences are divided into compound and complex. Composite Sentence is a Polypredicative construction.
The two main types of the connection of clauses are subordination / coordination. By coordination, clauses are arranged as units of syntactically equal rank. By subordination they are arranged as units of unequal rank, one being categorically dominated by the other.
General characteristics of the composite sentence.
Main features of the sentence:
1) expresses predication => is called a predicative unit. It’s the main characteristic of the sentence. The sentence reflects connection between the denoted situational event & reality shows whether the action is real or unreal, desirable or not + expresses the time of the action.
2) nominates a situation or a situational event => can be called a nominative unit (but it’s not main feature – word’s feature).
3) can be called a communicative unit as it carries this/that communicative intention which determines the communicative type of the sentence.
Traditional grammar defines the S.: it’s a word or a group of words capable of expressing a complete thought.
Modern linguistics (e.g. semantic syntax) defines the S as a linguistic sign that nominates a situational event => a nominative unit. “The S is a word or a group of words that nominate a situational event, express predication, and carry a communicative intention” – most comprehensive, all 3 features are comprised.
The problem of the composite S: how to define it, how to know it from simple sentence.
(1) the simple S is monopredicative, => has only 1 predicative line (center). The predicative line includes the subject + predicate.
(2) the composite S is polypredicative => > than 1 predicative lines or centers, reflects 2 or > situational events, and each predicative center makes up a clause of its own.
Semi-composite S. How to distinguish? “He waved his hand and went away”. – the S nominates 2 situational events but we can’t find 2 predicative centers in it as there is 1 subject & 1 clause => semi-composite (Blokh’s term) are intermediate between simple & composite.
Types of composite sentences: Acc. to the type of connection of clauses we can distinguish betw. complex &compound sentences. In compound sent-s the type of connection of clauses is coordination (i.e. syntactically the clauses are of equal rank). In complex sent-s the type of connection of clauses is subordination & clauses are of unequal rank (principal and subordinate).
The means of combining clauses: syndetic & asyndetic.
Syndetic => conj-s, relative pronouns (who, which), relative adv-s (where, how, when, why), phrases (as long as, in order that).
If asyndetically => there are no connectives betw. the clauses. Some grammarians say, “the zero connector”. Поспелов believes that on a higher level of classif-n all composite sent-s should be divided into syndetic & asyndetic & on the lower level syndetic composite sentences only should be divided into composite & complex.
Asyndetic Compound Sentences:
In a.c.s. coordinators are absent. Two or more clauses can be made into one s. without a coordinator being used. The result is a.c.s. Don’t worry, I’ll take care of it. In writing, asyndetically joined coordinate clauses are separated by a semicolon (;), colon (:) or a dash (-).
Syndetic compound sentences:
In s.c.c. the type of coordination is expressed explicitly by means of coordinators, coordinating conjunctions and, but, for, so that The lights went out, the curtain went up and the show began. The peculiarity of and and or is that they can link more than two clauses. Coordinators can be divided into one-member, or simple (and, but) and multi-member (either…or).