5. Basic unit in derivational analysis

The morphemic analysis is directed on studying of structure of a word. It develops of two stages – exarticulations(вычленения) of components making it at concrete (standard) level and their identification at abstract (system)

This method of analysis is necessary when there is a wide range of derivational relations between words which belong to the same semantic field. In such cases semantic nature of a word can be predicted(предсказана) by its morphological structure: some semantic components may get their own formal representation (получить свое собственное формальное представление) and appear as separate morphemes. Sense (Смысл) of morphemes may help us to define the meaning of words, to clarify the differences between cognate words and finally to define the relations between them.

The aim of the derivational analysis – to establish derivational structure of a word, having defined, from what (from what making base) and by means of what (with what help дериватора, i.e. word-formation means) the analyzed word is formed.

5. Productive and non-productive affixes. The difference between productivity and its frequency

Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding derivational affixes to different types of bases. Living affixes are easily separated from the stem (care-ful). Dead affixes have become fully merged with the stem and can be singled out by a diachronic analysis of the development of the word (admit - L.- ad + mittere). Living affixes are in their turn divided into productive(derivational affix that is take part in the derivation of new words, e.g non- is a productive affix) and non-productive affixes. (are those that do not take part in deriving new words in modern English. E.g.: Noun: -th, -hood, -ship-, dom. Adjective: -ly, -some, -ous, -ful. Verb: -en, -fy. Adverb: -wards. ) In many cases the choice of the affixes is a means of differentiating meaning:

uninterested - disinterested distrust – mistrust

productivity - makes many new words, frequency - frequency of the use, that is the suffix can not make any more new words, but nevertheless with it it is a lot of слованализируемое a word.

5. Classification of affixes(suffixes, prefixes, infixes, etymology)

Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding derivational affixes to different types of bases. Affixes are subdivided into: Functional affixes. They serve to convey grammatical meaning. They build different forms of one and the same word. E.g.: near-nearer-nearest Derivational affixes. They serve to supply the stem with components of lexical and lexico-grammatical meaning and form different words. E.g.: heart-hearty, care-careless.

Affixation is subdivided into suffixation (is the formation of words with the help of suffixes) and prefixation(is the formation of words with the help of prefixes). There 2 types of prefixes that are to be distinguished: 1) those not correlated with any independent word (un-, post-, dis-) 2) those correlated with functional words (prepositions or preposition-like adverbs – out-, up-, under-)

Diachronically distinction is made between prefixes of native and foreign origin.

Synchronically prefixes may be classified: 1) according to the class of words they form (verb-forming – to undo, noun-forming); 2) as to the type of lexical-grammatical character of the base they are added to into: deverbal (rewrite), denominal (ex-president), deadjectival (uneasy);3) as to the generic denotational meaning: negative prefixes (un-, non-, in-, dis-), resersative or private prefixes (un-, de-, dis-; untie, disconnect), prefixes of time and order (fore-,pre-, post-,ex-), prefix of repetition re-, locative prefixes (super-, sub-, trans-); 4) according to their stylistic reference 5) prefixes may be also classified as to the degree of productivity into highly-productive (re-), productive and non-productive (,-fore – to foresee).6)they may be mono- polysemantic

Suffixes may be classified: 1) the part of speech formed: noun-suffixes (-er, -ness), adj.-suffixes (-able, -ic), verb-suffixes (-en, -ize), adverb-suffixes (-ly,-ward). 2) according to the lexico-grammatical character of the base: deverbal (-er, -ment), denominal (-less,-ist), de-adj (-ly, -ish) 3) stylistic reference: neutral (-able, -er) and stylistic value (-oid, -aceous, -tron) 4) the degree of productivity. ( productive – ly; -full; - ness; non-productive -ous, -th– famous, depth, -ard – drunkard). ?origin – tion,ment,able – Roman; ist,ism,ize – Greek; er,ful,less - native?

An infix is placed within a word; these are rare in English, though cupful can be made plural as cupsful by inserting the plural s as an infix