- •Часть II
- •Д.Ю. Коновалов, ст. Преп. Каф. Безоп. Технол. Процессов и производств агту, кандидат с.-х. Наук
- •Ббк 81.2 англ – 92
- •Unit 1 Environmental Aspects of Timber
- •Answer the questions:
- •Read the text and try to understand it.
- •Vocabulary
- •Read one more text on the problem and do the tasks.
- •Translate from Russian into English using the vocabulary of the Unit.
- •V. Speak about:
- •Heat Conductivity of Wood
- •Answer the questions:
- •What properties of wood do you know?
- •Read the text and try to understand it.
- •Vocabulary
- •Read one more text on the problem and do the tasks. Heat Conductivity
- •IV. Translate from Russian into English using the vocabulary of the Unit.
- •V. Speak about.
- •Species of Trees and Their Application
- •Answer the questions:
- •Read the text and try to understand it.
- •Vocabulary
- •2. The timber used was insufficiently seasoned.
- •Read one more text on the problem and do the tasks. Classification of Species
- •Translate from Russian into English using the vocabulary of the Unit.
- •V. Speak about:
- •Fireproofing
- •Answer the questions:
- •Read the text and try to understand it.
- •Vocabulary
- •Insert the words from “a” into the sentences given below.
- •Indicate the word combinations that:
- •Read one more text on the problem and do the tasks.
- •Inflammation of Wood
- •Translate from Russian into English using the vocabulary of the Unit.
- •V. Speak about:
- •Infinitive: Forms and Functions
- •Storage of Logs in Sawmill Yards
- •I. Answer the questions:
- •II. Read the text and try to understand it.
- •Vocabulary
- •Read one more text on the problem and do the tasks.
- •Translate from Russian into English using the vocabulary of the Unit.
- •Speak about:
- •Infinitive Constructions: Complex Subject Complex Object
- •Timber Drying Methods
- •Answer the questions:
- •Read the text and try to understand it.
- •Vocabulary
- •Read one more text on the problem and do the tasks. Why Dry Lumber?
- •Translate from Russian into English using the vocabulary of the Unit.
- •V. Speak about:
- •Infinitive. Revision
- •I. Answer the questions:
- •Read the text and try to understand it.
- •Vocabulary
- •Insert the words from list “a” into the sentences given below.
- •Specialists suppose that one hectare of coniferous forests sucks annually 30 tons of dust.
- •Everybody knows that wood is a renewable raw material.
- •Read one more text on the problem and do the tasks. The Requirements to Hardwood Lumber Drying
- •IV. Translate from Russian into English using the vocabulary of the Unit.
- •V. Speak about:
- •Revision
- •Wood-based panels – Plywood
- •I. Answer the questions:
- •II. Read the text and try to understand it.
- •Vocabulary
- •Insert the words from list “a” into the sentences given below.
- •III. Read one more text on the problem and do the tasks. Laminated Veneer Lumber and Other Structural Sections
- •Translate from Russian into English using the vocabulary of the Unit.
- •V. Speak about:
- •Unit 9 Revision
- •Wood-based panels: Fibreboard, Particle board
- •I. Answer the questions.
- •II. Read the text and try to understand it.
- •Vocabulary
- •Insert the words from list “a” into the sentences given below.
- •Read one more text on the problem and do the tasks. Wood-Based Panels. Oriented Strand Board
- •IV. Translate from Russian into English using the vocabulary of the Unit.
- •V. Speak about:
- •Unit 10 Revision
- •Sawmill Process
- •Answer the questions.
- •Vocabulary
- •Insert the words from list “a” into the sentences given below.
- •Read one more text on the problem and do the tasks. Sawing Machinery
- •Translate from Russian into English using the vocabulary of the Unit.
- •V. Speak about:
- •Contents
- •The List of Literature Used
- •Vocabulary
Vocabulary
Exercise 1.
Match the English words in “A” with the Russian equivalents in “B”.
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Exercise 2.
Study the definitions of the following words and insert these words into the sentences given below.
decay – |
to go bad, lose power, strength |
sapwood - |
soft, outer layers of wood |
heartwood - |
the central part of a trunk |
pole – |
long, slender, rounded piece of wood to support something esp. telegraph wires. |
seasoning – |
removing moisture |
degrade – |
to decrease the quality of wood as a result of seasoning or processing |
impermeable – |
that cannot be permeated (esp. by fluids) |
handling – |
movement operations (loading, unloading, transporting) |
preservative – |
substance used for preserving |
high-frequency – |
radio frequency between 3 and 30 megacycles (million cycles) |
1. The pale coloured wood beneath the bark surrounding the darker core is called the _____ as it is through this that the sap travels up the tree while it is growing. 2. The darker coloured central zone of any tree is known as _____ and this normally contains no living cells. 3. High, middle-sized tree provides _____ used for carrying overhead telephone lines and electricity supply cables. 4. Poles are to be debarked and impregnated with a wood _____ before use. 5. The process of removing the moisture from wood by evaporation is called _____. 6. One of the aims of wood drying is to prevent _____ and rot. 7. Next to knots the commonest causes of _____ in timber are defects resulting from faulty seasoning technique. 8. Different kinds of mechanical devices are used for _____ of logs and lumber in the sawmill yard. 9. For drying in _____ field the wood is located in the capacitor of a _____ current generator. 10. The wood of oak is very dense and _____ and it is very difficult to dry it.
Grammar
Exercise 1.
Find 7 sentences with the Infinitive Constructions in the text and differentiate between Complex Object and Complex Subject.
Exercise 2.
Translate the sentences with the Infinitive Constructions into Russian.
1. This plant is expected to manufacture new types of wood-working machines. 2. Forest genetics is known to have a large important role in the creation of healthy ecosystems. 3. The commercial use of wood always requires its moisture content to be reduced to a certain extent. 4. Specialists of wood-working consider knots to be the commonest type defect of timber. 5. In the manufacture of musical instruments the acoustic properties of wood are believed to be of great importance. 6. We know paints to protect wood from moisture, insect and fungus attack. 7. Heat conductivity of wood was found to be relatively low. 8. In most cases the spread of fungi is found to be dependent only on the presence of moisture in wood. 9. Specialists know lumber to absorb water and swell if placed in a humid atmosphere. 10. In humid climate an accelerated kiln-drying is likely to be cheaper than air drying. 11. One time people thought the forests to be inexhaustible and used the wood to fuel railway locomotives. 12. We know waterways to be one of the best means of log transportation.
Exercise 3.
Choose the correct form of the infinitive.
Wood is known _____ since prehistoric times.
A. to use
B. to have used
C. to be used
D. to have been used
We know wood _____ widely in all spheres of our life.
A. to be used
B. to have used
C. to be using
D. to use
Finland is known _____ one half of its national income from wood products.
A. to have got
B. to get
C. to be getting
D. to have been got
Specialists found out the removal of the old diseased trees _____ the growth of the remaining trees.
A. to be accelerated
B. to have accelerated
C. to be accelerating
D. to accelerate
Downy birch is known _____ more slowly than silver birch.
A. to have grown
B. to be grown
C. to grow
D. to have been grown
Markets for non-structural timber such as pallets, packaging and fencing are likely _____ oversupplied in the near future.
A. to become
B. to have become
C. to be becoming
D. to have been become
Creosote and hot paraffin have been found _____ hygroscopicity of wood.
A. to be reduced
B. to be reducing
C. to have reduced
D. to reduce
In north-western USA forests are expected _____ commodities, revenues for land owners, clean air and water.
A. to have provided
B. to provide
C. to be provided
D. to have been provided