- •The Syllable. The Principles of Syllable Division. The nature of the syllable.
- •Syllable division rules for simple words and parts of compound words
- •The Primary and the Secondary Meaning of Letters.
- •Reading of vowels in stressed syllables
- •The Primary Sound Meanings of Vowels in Different Types of Syllables.
- •Test II
- •Reading of Stressed Vowels in Combination with Letter ”r”
- •Idioms, sayings:
- •Reading of Vowel Digraphs*
- •Principles of Reading Vowel Digraphs
- •Reading of digraphs “oo”, “ou” in homographes:
- •Vowel Letter Combinations
- •Reading of Unstressed Vowels.
- •Reading of Consonants
- •Reading of “c, g, j”
- •Reading of Endings -(e)s, -(e)d
- •Reading of combinations of vowels with consonants.
- •Mute Consonants
- •Reading of English Consonant Clusters
- •Reading of “ng, nk”
- •Reading of letter “n”
- •Revision and Consolidation Practice
- •I) Each word here has the sound [u:]. How many ways are there to spell this sound? Arrange the words into the groups:
- •Additional Practice in Reading and Memory Work
Лингвогуманитарный колледж Учреждения образования
«Минский государственный лингвистический университет»
Звуко-буквенные соответствия в английском языке
Практикум
Минск, 2008
Составители: Гуринович Е. А., преподаватель практической фонетики;
Кучерчук Ю. В., преподаватель практической фонетики
Практикум предназначен для учащихся лингвистических колледжей, учащихся старших классов и учителей.
Данные материалы включают теоретические сведения о звуко-буквенных соответствиях в английском языке, упражнения для совершенствования навыков чтения, а также материалы для чтения и заучивания наизусть. Материалы могут быть использованы как для аудиторной, так и самостоятельной работы.
Рассмотрено и одобрено на заседании ПЦК практической фонетики. Протокол №3 от 14 октября 2008 года
Содержание
1. The Syllable. The Principles of Syllable Division. 4
2. The Primary and the Secondary Meaning of Letters. 8
3. The Primary Sound Meanings of Vowels in Different Types of Syllables. 9
4. Reading of Stressed Vowels in Combination with Letter ”r” 18
5. Reading of Vowel Digraphs 23
6. Reading of Unstressed Vowels. 35
7. Reading of Consonants 42
8. Mute Consonants 52
9. Reading of English Consonant Clusters 54
10. Revision and Consolidation Practice 61
11. Additional Practice in Reading and Memory Work 70
The Syllable. The Principles of Syllable Division. The nature of the syllable.
Syllable formation in English is based on the phonological opposition vowel-consonant. Vowels are usually syllabic while consonants are not with the exceptions of [l], [m], [n], which become syllabic in a final position preceded by a consonant or between two final consonants: bottle [|bɒtl], bottom [|bɒtm], button [|bʌtn].
A syllable is a speech unit which consists of a sound or a group of sounds one of which is heard more prominent than the others. This sound is the peak or the nucleus of the syllable and is called syllabic (vowels and sonorants are usually syllabic).
The English language has developed the closed type of a syllable as the fundamental one while in Russian it is the open type that forms the basis of syllable formation.
The other aspect of this component is syllable division. The problem of syllable division in case of intervocalic consonants and their clusters, like in such words as city, extra, standing and others.
Let us consider the word extra. There are two syllables but where should the boundary between them fall?
[e-kstrə]. It is unlike that people would opt for a division between [e] and [kstrə] because there are no words in English which begin with consonant sequence [kstr].
Similarly, a division between [ekstr] and [ə] would be unnatural.
[ek-strə], [eks-trə], [ekst-rə] are possible. People usually prefer either of the first two options here, but there is no obvious way of deciding between them.
In some cases we may take into account the morphemic structure of words. For example, standing consists of two syllables; on phonemic grounds [|stæn-dIŋ], on grammatical grounds [|stænd-Iŋ].
Syllable division rules for simple words and parts of compound words
vowel |
intersyllabic sounds |
boundary |
examples |
notes |
I. Short stressed |
a) single consonant |
within the consonant |
[ le ən] [ rı m]
|
|
b) consonant cluster |
between the consonants |
[ ek1|s2|t3|rə] [ wın|dəυ] [ rıŋ|kl] |
In case of intervocalic clusters we use the distributional criterion: the combination of consonants belongs to the following syllable, if such combinations are typical of English.
|
|
II. Short unstressed, long, diphthong |
a) single consonant |
before the consonant |
[ melə|dı] [ k :|nə] [ leı|bl]
|
|
b) consonant cluster |
maximally close to the vowel |
[ə| dres] [ık| spektıd] [ fα:|stə] [ peı|trən]
|
|
! The so-called thriphthongs in English are disyllabic combinations, because they contain two vowel phonemes:[ faI |ə].
Ex. 1.1 ( , track 1)
How many syllables?
One word in each set has a different number of syllables from the others. Decide which it is, then check with the recording.
-
Example:
lengths
if
table
on
1
destiny
chocolate
computer
afterwards
2
stopped
smashed
wanted
tried
3
Leicester
Lester
Stratford
Manchester
4
altogether
avocado
banana
Argentina
5
rhythm
chasm
through
thorough
Ex. 1.2 ( , track 1)
What stress pattern?
One word in each set has a different stress pattern from the others. Which is it? Define the type of the stressed word. Check with the recording.
Example: |
picture ○ |
nature ○ |
capture ○ |
mature ○ |
1 |
politics |
dynamic |
musician |
historic |
2 |
create |
supply |
prostate |
dictate |
3 |
teacher |
refer |
eager |
offer |
4 |
edit |
debit |
submit |
credit |
5 |
Angela |
Therese |
spaghetti |
banana |
Ex.1.3 Transcribe and divide into syllables. Determine where the syllable boundary lies.
1. |
goodness |
5. |
about |
9. |
Saturday |
2. |
hotter |
6. |
lazy |
10. |
export |
3. |
village |
7. |
family |
11. |
hourly |
4. |
cotton |
8. |
admission |
12. |
mathematics |
Ex.1.4 Transcribe the following words, divide them into syllables and explain the rule.
-
1.
ninety
6.
sentence
2.
middle
7.
vowel
3.
imitate
8.
cinema
4.
teacher
9.
expensive
5.
advertise
10.
commission
Ex. 1.5 Divide the words into syllables and explain the rule in each line:
1) Ready, pocket, mother, coffee, city;
2) Bottle, couple, cattle, mitten, middle;
3) Breakfast, hedgehog, doctor, country, fifty;
4) Farmer, herself, sleepy, ninety, gloomy;
5) Extreme, abrupt, include, nasty, attract;
6) Fire, towel, vowel, lower, goer.