- •Theme і
- •Points for Discussion
- •Working Definitions of Principal Concepts
- •Required Reading
- •Tasks and Exercises
- •Test Questions and Tasks
- •Theme іi
- •Vocabulary as a system
- •Points for discussion
- •Required Reading
- •Test Questions and Tasks
- •Theme іii morphemic structure of english and ukrainian words
- •Points for discussion
- •Required Reading
- •Test Questions and Tasks
- •Theme іv word-formation affixation. Conversion.Word-composition
- •Points for Discussion
- •Required Reading
- •Test Questions and Tasks
- •Theme V word-meaning
- •Points for Discussion
- •Working Definitions of Principal Concepts
- •Required Reading
- •Test Questions and Tasks
Test Questions and Tasks
А. Consider your answers to the following:
What do we mean by derivation?
How are affixes classified?
What are the principles of classification of prefixes?
What are the principles of classification of suffixes?
What do we understand by an allomorph?
What are the features of combining forms?
What are the characteristic features of hybrids?
What is conversion?
How is conversion defined in linguistics?
What features of Modern English have produced the high productivity of conversion?
Which categories of parts of speech are especially affected by conversion?
How can the problem of the original and the target word in conversion be solved?
13. What is word-composition?
B. Match the Ukrainian term with the corresponding English equivalent.
Word-formation |
комбінуючі форми |
Word-derivation |
конверсія |
Word-composition |
гібриди |
Affixation |
аломорф |
Conversion |
деривація |
Allomorph |
словоскладання |
Combining forms |
словотвір |
Hybrids |
афіксація |
Prefix |
префікс |
Suffix |
суфікс |
Complementary distribution |
комплементарна дистрибуція |
Basic form |
основна форма |
Theme V word-meaning
The aim is: to study the problems of word-meaning.
The tasks are:
to consider referential and functional approaches to the problem of meaning;
to consider types of word-meaning and meaning in morphemes;
to analyse the denotational and connotational types of meaning;
to analyse motivation of words according to its types and degrees;
to learn working definitions of principal concepts.
Points for Discussion
1. Definition of word-meaning. Referential and functional approaches to the problem of meaning.
2. Types of word-meaning. Grammatical, lexical, part-of-speech, denotational and connotational meaning, emotive charge and stylistic reference.
3. Meaning in morphemes. Lexical, part-of-speech, differential and distributional meaning.
4. Motivation. Types of motivation. Morphological motivation, phonetic motivation, semantic motivation. Complete and partial motivation.
Working Definitions of Principal Concepts
SEMASIOLOGY |
the branch of linguistics which studies the semantics of linguistic units. |
SEMANTICS |
the meaning of words, expressions or grammatical forms. |
WORD |
the basic unit of language. It directly corresponds to the object of thought (referent), which is a generalized reverberation of a certain ‘slice’, ‘piece’ of objective reality, and by immediately referring to it names the thing meant. |
REFERENT
|
the object of thought correlated with a certain linguistic expression. Also: the element of objective reality as reflected in our minds and viewed as the content regularly correlated with certain expression. |
CONCEPT |
a generalized reverberation in the human consciousness of the properties of the objective reality learned in the process of the latter’s cognition. Concepts are formed linguistically, each having a name (a word) attached to it.
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MEANING
|
is a certain reflection in our mind of objects, phenomena or relations that makes part of the linguistic sign-its so-called inner facet whereas the sound-form functions as its outer facet.
|
DISTRIBUTION |
is the position of a linguistic element in relation to other units.
|
GRAMMATICAL MEANING |
is that component of word-meaning which is recurrent in identical sets of individual forms of different words. |
LEXICAL MEANING
|
the material meaning of a word, i.e. the meaning of the main material part of the word (as distinct from its formal or grammatical part), which reflects the concept the given word expresses and the basic properties of the things (phenomenon, quality, state, etc.) the word denotes.
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DENOTATION
|
the expression of the main meaning, meaning proper of a linguistic unit in contrast to its connotation. It is the denotational meaning that makes communication possible.
|
CONNOTATION |
the pragmatic communicative value the word receives by virtue of where, when, how, by whom, for what purpose and in what context it is or may be used. The main types of connotations are: stylistic, emotional, evaluative and expressive (intensifying).
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DIFFERENTIAL MEANING |
is the semantic component of morpheme-meaning that serves to distinguish one word from all others containing identical morphemes.
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DISTRIBUTIONAL MEANING
|
is the meaning of the order and arrangement of morphemes making up the word. |
MOTIVATION |
is a connection between the structural pattern of the word and its meaning.
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COMPONENTIAL ANALYSIS
|
splitting of an individual meaning of a word into its constituent smallest unit-semes (e.g. “woman” may be split into semes “human”, “female”, “adult”).
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