If visibility is below minimums, the runway environment won't be visible at the decision height.

What are the minimums for altitude and visibility?

Morse code: a code in which combinations of dots and dashes or long and short signals are used to represent characters

Marker beacons are identified by Morse code.

The Morse code was invented by Samuel F.B. Morse.

Have you memorized the Morse code?

precision approach: a standard instrument-approach procedure in which an electronic glide slope is provided

An ILS is a precision approach.

With the slide slope inoperative, we can't make a precision approach.

Will you describe the equipment necessary for a precision approach?

C. Morse Code

A	. _	N	_ .	1	. _ _ _ _
B	_ . . .	O	_ _ _	2	. . _ _ _
C	_ . _ .	P	. _ _ .	3	. . . _ _
D	_ . .	Q	_ _ . _	4	. . . . _
E	.	R	. _ .	5	. . . . .
F	. . _ .	S	. . .	6	_ . . . .
G	_ _ .	T	_	7	_ _ . . .
H	. . . .	U	. . _	8	_ _ _ . .
I	. .	V	. . . _	9	_ _ _ _ .
J	. _ _ _	W	. _ _	0	_ _ _ _ _
K	_ . _	X	_ . . _
L	. _ . .	Y	_ . _ _
M	_ _	Z	_ _ . .

D. Check-Up

Fill in the blanks with the proper terms from the list.

automatic pilot CDI decision height glide path glide slope

instrument approach marker beacon microwaves MLS Morse code

1. A ___________ identifies location by transmitting a signal to an aircraft.

2. An ILS using microwave frequencies is an ___________.

3. An ___________ automatically flies an aircraft.

4. A radio beam that indicates an aircraft's descent path is a ___________.

5. ___________ utilizes a combination of long and short signals to represent letters and numbers.

6. A ___________ provides lateral guidance to an aircraft on its approach.

7. When a plane lands using instruments and radio guidance, it has made an ___________.

8. A ___________ provides vertical guidance to an aircraft on its approach.

9. The height at which a pilot decides whether to continue an approach is the ___________.

10. Short electromagnetic waves used for radar are ___________.

LESSON 9

Nonprecision Approaches

A. Dialogue

Student: Instructor: Student: Instructor: Student: Instructor: Student: Instructor: Student: Instructor: Student: Instructor: Student: Instructor:

Can an approach be made with any navigational aid? Usually. But an approach that doesn't use a glide slope has higher minimums. A nonprecision approach can utilize various navigational aids, such as a localizer, VOR, DME, or an automatic direction finder (ADF). I know DME provides information to make accurate calculations of descent and position points. But what if the plane isn't equipped with DME? Then a pilot makes use of marker beacons, radials, and bearings from other navigational facilities. If none of these aids are available, the approach is timed. The runway environment must be visible at the missed approach point (MAP). If it isn't, a missed approach procedure must be executed. You mean that you time the progress from the final approach fix (FAF) to determine the MAP ? That's right. From the FAF you descend to the minimum descent altitude (MDA) and maintain the MDA until you reach the MAP. This is how all instrument approaches were made years ago. Is a VOR as accurate as a localizer? No. That's one reason why a VOR approach has higher minimums than a localizer approach. What about an ADF? An ADF picks up the signal from a nondirectional radio beacon (NDB). Can an accurate approach be made using an ADF? Yes, but it can be less reliable during precipitation or weather disturbances. Then the ADF doesn't register on the CDI the way a localizer or VOR does. Correct. It uses a separate instrument with a rotating needle. The ADF is a good orientation instrument. In some countries VORs aren't common, and the ADFs still guide pilots.

B. Terminology Practice

automatic direction finder (ADF): a navigational radio that senses signals and indicates the direction of low-frequency beacons

Can an ADF locate a lost aircraft?

The bearing to the ADF station is 321 degrees.

An ADF picks up the signal from an NDB.

bearing: the position of an aircraft in relation to a point on a compass

The bearing is 133 degrees to our destination.

Will this bearing take us to the airport?

We're drifting south of our original bearing.

final approach: a flight path in the direction of a landing along the extended runway centerline

When do we begin the final approach?

The time to the final approach is four minutes.

Put the flaps down for the final approach.

final approach fix (FAF): the position at which the final approach is executed

The approach plate says to cross the FAF at 3,400 feet.

We must time the approach from the FAF.

What was the FAF of that aircraft?

minimum descent altitude (MDA): the lowest altitude allowed on the final portion of a nonprecision approach

What's the MDA for that airport?

An MDA applies only to nonprecision approaches.

The altitude of an MDA is measured in feet above sea level?

missed approach point (MAP): the point at which the pilot decides whether to complete an approach or execute a missed approach procedure

Have we reached the MAP yet?

As we passed the MAP, the runway environment wasn't visible.

The time to the MAP is two minutes and three seconds.

missed approach procedure: the procedure to be followed if, after an ILS approach, a landing is not effected and occurring properly

A missed approach procedure was made because there was poor visibility.

We're executing a missed approach procedure.

A sudden snow shower made a missed approach procedure necessary.

nondirectional radio beacon (NDB): a low-frequency transmitter that sends navigational signals

Have we been cleared to fly direct to the NDB?

The FAF begins when the plane passes over the NDB.

The ADF picks up low-frequency signals transmitted by the NDB.

nonprecision approach: an approved instrument approach in which no electronic glide path is provided

Do any nonprecision approaches provide a glide slope?

Nonprecision approaches have higher minimums than precision approaches.

An approach utilizing a localizer is a nonprecision approach.

radial: a magnetic course extending from a VOR station

Use the airway at the 245 degree radial.

Which radial will we follow?

Fly the 345 degree radial to intercept the approach course.

C. Check-Up

Fill in the blanks with the proper terms from the list.

ADF Bearing final approach FAF MAP

MDA missed approach procedure NDB nonprecision approach radial

1. The ___________ is the flight path in the direction of landing along the

extended runway centerline.

2. A pilot decides whether to complete an approach or execute a missed approach procedure at the ___________.

3. An ___________ is a low-frequency transmitter that sends navigational signals.

4. The ___________ is the lowest altitude allowed on the final portion of a nonprecision approach.

5. When a pilot can't see the runway environment at the MAP, a ___________ is executed.

6. An ___________ is a navigational radio that receives signals from NDBs.

7. A ___________ is an instrument approach that doesn't make use of a glide slope.

8. The position at which the final approach is executed is the ___________.

9. A ___________ is a magnetic course extending from a VOR station.

10. The position of an airplane in relation to a point on a compass is its ___________.

LESSON 10

Local Communications During VFR Flights

A. Dialogue

Pilot 1: Controller: Pilot I: Controller: Pilot 1: Pilot 2: Controller: Pilot 2: Controller: Pilot 2: Pilot 1: Controller: Pilot 1: Controller: Pilot 1: Controller: Pilot 1: Pilot 3: Controller: Pilot 3: Controller: Pilot 3: Controller: Pilot 1: Controller: Pilot 3: Controller: Pilot 2: Pilot 3: Controller: Pilot 3:

Burlington Tower, this is Piper 234BL. Piper 234BL, this is Burlington Tower. Go ahead. Burlington Tower, Piper 234BL is ten miles southwest at 2,500 feet, landing at Burlington. Piper 234BL, roger. Burlington weather is 4,000 scattered, wind 200/11, altimeter setting 30.11. Make left-hand traffic to Runway 19. Call when you enter the downwind leg. Piper 234BL, roger. Burlington Tower, this is Beech 69RJ. Beech 69RJ, this is Burlington Tower. Go ahead. Burlington Tower, Beech 69RJ is twenty miles west, landing at Burlington. We copied the weather given to the other aircraft. Beech 69RJ, roger. Enter the base leg for Runway 19. You will be number two behind a Piper about ten miles southwest. Roger. Burlington Tower, this is Piper 234BL on the left downwind leg of Runway 19. Piper 234BL, roger. Call when you turn on the final approach for Runway 15. Correction, Runway 19. Confirm that is Runway 19 for Piper 234BL. Affirmative Piper 234BL. Runway 19. Burlington Tower, Piper 234BL is entering the final approach for Runway 19. Piper 234BL, cleared to land Runway 19. Cleared to land Runway 19, Piper 234BL. Burlington Tower, this is Cessna 767DS. Cessna 767DS, this is Burlington Tower. Go ahead. Burlington, Cessna 767DS ready for takeoff. We'd like to stay in the traffic pattern for a touch-and-go landing. Cessna 767DS hold short. The landing traffic on final approach is about to cross the runway threshold. Cessna 767DS, holding short of Runway 19. Piper 234BL, turn right to Taxi way Bravo. Contact ground control on frequency 121.9 when you clear Runway 19. Piper 234BL, roger. Cessna 767DS, this is Burlington Tower. Make left-hand traffic for a touch-and-go landing to Runway 19. Cleared for takeoff on Runway 19. Left-hand traffic for Runway 19. Cleared for takeoff on Runway 19. Beech 69RJ, this is Burlington Tower. Change your landing runway to 15. Change to Runway 15, Beech 69RJ. Burlington Tower, was that for Cessna 767DS? Negative Cessna 767DS. Disregard. That message was for another aircraft. You're still cleared for takeoff on Runway 19. Cessna 767DS, roger. We're departing now.

B. Terminology Practice

base leg: a flight path at right angles to the landing runway off its approach end

Turn on the base leg two miles from the runway.

We were asked to extend our base leg.

When do we turn onto our base leg?

copy: to receive information

Did the copilot copy the clearance?

We copied the clearance for approach.

She gave us the clearance; did you copy it?

correction: the act of freeing from error

You're cleared to land on Runway 15 — correction, 19.

The altimeter setting is 30.16 — correction, altimeter setting 30.26.

Did control acknowledge our correction?

disregard: to ignore

Disregard the message, we're cleared to land.

Do you think we should disregard that information?

The information about the landing runway is wrong; disregard it.

downwind leg: a flight path parallel to the landing runway in the direction opposite to landing

We're cleared to enter the downwind leg of our approach.

How far was our downwind leg?

Prepare to enter the downwind leg.

hold short: to stop before the designated position

Hold short of the runway because there's landing traffic.

Did ground control ask us to hold short of the taxiway?

Call the tower and tell them that we're holding short of the active runway.

left downwind leg: the runway that is to the left of an airplane on the downwind leg

The tower cleared us to enter the left downwind leg to Runway 33.