2.3 Ecological tourism

According to the definition and principles of ecotourism established by The International Ecotourism Society (TIES) in 1990, ecotourism is "Responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well-being of local people." Ecotourism (also known as ecological tourism) is a form of tourism, that appeals to ecologically and socially conscious individuals. Generally speaking, ecotourism focuses on volunteering, personal growth and learning new ways to live on the planet. It typically involves travel to destinations where flora, fauna and cultural heritage are the primary attractions. Many locations have bеcоmе popular because of the growing worldwide interest in ecology. Ecotourism integrates tourism with ecology, offering wide varieties of landscapes and activities, including unspoiled bеасhes and coral reefs with productive marine systems, for scuba-diving enthusiasts; vast limestone caverns in highlands with trekking, mountain biking, sailing, rafting and other travel opportunities and miles and miles of empty beaches. Responsible ecotourism includes programs that minimize the negative aspects of conventional tourism on the environment and enhance the cultural integrity of local people. Therefore, in addition to evaluating environmental and cultural factors, an integral part of ecotourism is the promotion of recycling, energy efficiency, water conservation and creation of economic opportunities for the local communities. Number of fans of ecotourism grows everywhere every year. This kind of tourism return people, tired of cities, forces and energy during contact with the nature and observation of it. The list of the UNESCO world heritage includes 5 Russian natural objects: primeval forests of Komi, Baikal lake, volcanoes of Kamchatka, golden Altai mountains, Western Caucasus. In these regions just ecotourism can help to conservancy.

2.4 Educational tourism

Educational tourism developed because of the growing popularity of teaching and learning of knowledge, and enhancing technical competency outside the classroom environment. In the educational tourism, the main focus of the tour or leisure activity includes visitation of another country to learn about the culture of the visited country (Student Exchange Program and Study Tour) or to work and apply their learning inside the classroom in different environment (International Practicum Training Program).

Summary

1.Tourism

The World Tourism Organization defines a tourist is someone who travels at least 50 miles or 80 kilometers away from their home, for the purpose of entertainment and pleasure. People move from all around the country, whether by plane, boat, car, bus or train. The world tourism organization claims that tourism is currently the world’s largest industry. With annual revenues of almost 3 trillion, its economic impact is second to that of only the weapons industry.

2.Types of tourism. There are different types of tourism that can be enjoyed. Some are listed below:

·  Extreme tourism or shock tourism is a type of niche tourism involving travel to dangerous places (mountains, jungles, deserts, caves, etc.) or participation in dangerous events. Extreme tourism is a growing business in the countries of the former Soviet Union (Russia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan, etc.) and in South American countries like Peru, Chile and Argentina. Extreme tourism requires much less to jump-start a business. Tourist’s firms actively offer rafting, traveling on horse back, by bicycle and motorcycle. Diving is very popular in the whole world. It is underwater diving with special apparatuses, providing a swimmer with breathing. Diving is both a sport and entertainment.

·  Cultural tourism includes tourism in urban areas, particularly historic or large cities and their cultural facilities such as museums and theatres. It generally focuses on traditional communities who have diverse customs, unique form of art and distinct social practices.

·  Ecotourism is "Responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well-being of local people." The list of the UNESCO world heritage includes 5 Russian natural objects: primeval forests of Komi, Baikal lake, volcanoes of Kamchatka, golden Altai mountains, Western Caucasus.

·  Educational tourism developed because of the growing popularity of teaching and learning of knowledge, and enhancing technical competency outside the classroom environment.

12) Volunteer tourism and its features

Volunteer travel, volunteer vacations, voluntourism, or vacanteerism is travel which includes volunteering for a charitable cause. In recent years, "bite-sized" volunteer vacations have grown in popularity.^{[citation needed]} Volunteer vacations vary widely in scope, from low-skill work cleaning up local wildlife areas to providing high-skill medical aid in a foreign country. Volunteer vacations participants are diverse but typically share a desire to “do something good” while also experiencing new places and challenges in locales they might not otherwise visit.

There are also other types of traveling that engage people with scientific research and education to promote the understanding and action necessary for a sustainable environment. Participants cover a fee that would include expenses on the different sites worldwide, and engage in projects according to their interest or location.

Volunteer tourism appeals to a wide variety of travelers, but the majority of volunteers are made up of high school and college students. Many students use these trips to boost their resumes, travel with friends, and as a way to gain world experience and see new countries. Recently there has also been an increase in baby boomer volunteers. One possible explanation for the increase is that baby boomers are transitioning into a new stage of life and their focus may shift toward finding activities that give their life new meaning. Voluntourism is therefore appealing, as it is specifically targeted at travelers who want to make a positive change in the world, while still providing a tourist experience.^[3] People generally volunteer in order to increase their international awareness, to contextualize poverty and its affects, as an education opportunity, and to help people while having a morally rewarding experience. Many believe that the trip will change the way they think when they return home. However, others are just looking to give to others and do not believe that their experience will cause them to think twice about their lives back home. ^[4]

Vacations have been hit hard by the recession. However, voluntourism has remained stable because it offers individuals the opportunity to take a guilt free vacation. As criticism for excessive, lavish spending increased, volunteer vacations have become an attractive option. As many volunteer vacations include tourist activities at the end of the trip, these vacations provide volunteers with an enjoyable vacation that has an enhanced value. Families participating in volunteer vacations may feel better about spending money on their trip while still enjoying the bonding time vacations provide. ^[5]

A survey by CheapTickets.com of 430 US adults 18 and older found that half of their respondents would consider voluntourism for their next vacation. In addition, 55% of respondents would consider adding volunteer activities to an already planned vacation. While 48% had heard about volunteer vacations, only 5% of applicants had actually participated in one

13) The place you would like to visit

14) Your environmental considerations

15) Studying and travelling

16) Studying and earning money.

17) Urban sprawling and after-effects

Urban sprawl, also known as suburban sprawl, is a multifaceted concept, which includes the spreading outwards of a city and its suburbs to its outskirts to low-density and auto-dependent development on rural land, high segregation of uses (e.g. stores and residential), and various design features that encourage car dependency.^[1]

Discussions and debates about sprawl are often obfuscated by the ambiguity associated with the phrase.^{[clarification needed]} For example, some commentators measure sprawl only with the average number of residential units per acre in a given area. But others associate it with decentralization (spread of population without a well-defined centre), discontinuity (leapfrog development, as defined below), segregation of uses, and so forth.

The term urban sprawl generally has negative connotations due to the health, environmental and cultural issues associated with the phrase.^[2] Residents of sprawling neighbourhoods tend to emit more pollution per person and suffer more traffic fatalities.^[3][4] Sprawl is controversial, with supporters claiming that consumers prefer lower density neighbourhoods and that sprawl does not necessarily increase traffic

Arguments opposing urban sprawl run the gamut from the more concrete effects such as health and environmental issues to more abstract consequences involving neighborhood vitality.