Synonyms.
According to Arnold’s classification there are 3 types of synonyms: total, ideographic and contextual.
Total synonyms are quite rare so there are no such synonyms in the text.
Contextual:
Shrill (line 7)-fierce (line 7)-wild (line 14)- terrible (line 21)-heavy (line 14) (describe the horrible sound)
Ideographic:
Shrill (line 7)-loud (line 21) (shrill is very loud and unpleasant)
Whirr (line 7)-rumble (line 9)-thump (line 21) (a noise)
Antonyms.
Classification(Arnold) of antonyms is based on a morphological approach: root words form absolute antonyms (right - wrong), the presence of negative affixes creates derivational antonyms (happy - unhappy).
In this text there are no derivational antonyms.
But we can divide root (absolute) antonyms of this text into:
Antonymy proper (relative, the opposition is gradual)
old (line 18)- young (line 18)
timid (line 17)– ruthless (line 2)
and
Complementary antonyms
Bridegroom (line 5)– bride (line 5)
Homonyms.
Arnold classifies homonyms in several kinds:
Homonyms proper (words identical in pronunciation and spelling)
Sleeper (line 10, “тот, кто спит”) – sleeper (шпала)
Case (line 13, “дело”) – case (ящик)
Lie (line 20, “лежать”) – lie (лгать)
Homographs(words different in sound and in meaning but accidentally identical in spelling):
Like (line 2, “как”)- to like (нравиться)
Leave (line 5, “покидать”)- leave (разрешение)
Homophones (words of the same sound but of different spelling and meaning)
Day (line 11, “день”) – Dey (дей, правитель Алжира)
For (line 10, “для”) – four (четыре)
Hypero-hyponymic relations.
Word-formation.
According to the role they play in constructing words, morphemes are subdivided into roots and affixes (Morphemic analysis):
There are 2 morphemes in the words:
“ruthless” (line 2): "ruth"- root + "less"-affix
“congregation” (line 3) : “congregate” – root + “tion” – affix
A structural word-formation analysis proceeds further: it studies the structural correlation with other words, the structural patterns or rules on which words are built.
“sleepers” – “sleep” (line 10) are members of a morphemic opposition. They are similar as the root morpheme -sleep- is the same. The suffix –er helps to define the agent.
Back formation - the derivation of new word by sus trading a real or supposed affix from existing words through misinterpretation of their structure.
" drums " (line 1) - "s" -shows the plural form of a noun.
" heavier " (line 14) - "er" – comparative of an adjective