15. A) General provisions for the separation of controlled traffic.

Vertical or horizontal separation shall be provided:

1. between all flights in Class A and B airspaces;

2. between IFR flights in Class C, D and E airspaces;

3. between IFR flights and VFR flights in Class C airspace;

4. between IFR flights and special VFR flights; and

5. between special VFR flights, when so prescribed by the appropriate ATS authority;

except, for the cases under b) above in airspace Classes D and E, during the hours of daylight when flights have been cleared to climb or descend subject to maintaining own separation and remaining in visual meteorological conditions.

No clearance shall be given to execute any manoeuvre that would reduce the spacing between two aircraft to less than the separation minimum applicable in the circumstances.

Larger separation than the specified minima should be applied whenever exceptional circumstances such as unlawful interference or navigational difficulties cal for extra precautions.

b) What kinds of airspace restrictions do you know?

There are some kinds of airspace restrictions. They are:

Dangerous zones. It is a part of air space within which the activity of the aircraft is provided at specific periods of time which can be dangerous for aircraft navigation. The time of dangerous zones activity is fixed in the aeronautical information publications and in the appropriate NOTAMs. They are located in the territory of Ukraine over sea shooting ranges (полигоны) and in the areas of air space where it is dangerous to fly.

Prohibited zones. It is a part of air space within which an aircraft navigation is prohibited except some cases foreseen by Regulations of Ukrainian Air Space usage. Prohibited zones over the territory of Ukraine are located over the atomic power stations, hydroelectric power stations, dams, some special industrial objects, nature reserves (заповедники) and some other objects.

Restricted zones. It is a part of air space over land territory or territorial waters within which the aircraft navigation is restricted. Restricted areas over the territory of Ukraine are located over aviation shooting ranges and testing sites (полигоны для испытания оружия). The flights in these zones depend on types of restrictions or special conditions, published in AIP of Ukraine.

16. A) Separation procedures in case of controlled traffic.

The Air Traffic Controller shall issue necessary information and clearances to aircraft under his control to achieve a safe separation.

Vertical separation (flight level or altitude) has to be provided according to the direction – eastern or western.

Flights above altitude 10,000 feet have to proceed under QNE (1013.2 hPa) and 10,000 feet and lower with QNH, then a pilot has to report an ‘altitude’, or if requested an Air Traffic Controller can give to the crew QFE, and then the pilot will report also ‘altitude’ but the facilities on board will indicate him a ‘height’.

Vertical separation between aircraft flying in the opposite direction is 1000 feet, until FL 290, and above FL 290 vertical separation is 2000 feet in the opposite direction.

Above FL 290 (RVSM zone) vertical separation between aircraft flying on the opposite direction is 1000 feet until FL 410, and above FL 410 – separation is 2000 feet.

Responsibility lies on the Air Traffic Controller in case of IFR flights and on the pilot in case of VFR flights.

In case of climbing/descending of an aircraft, the Air Traffic Controller has to maintain separation between aircraft using vertical rate of climb/descent.

Horizontal (lateral) separation of 20km has to be provided when the aircraft has to cross flight level (altitude) which is occupied by the other aircraft in the opposite direction. Lateral separation of 10km has to be provided when the aircraft is crossing the flight level occupied by the aircraft flying in the same direction.

Horizontal separation has to be provided between special VFR flights, when so prescribed by the appropriate ATS authority.

No clearance shall be given to execute any manoeuvre that would reduce the spacing between two aircraft to less than the separation minimum applicable in the circumstances.

Larger separation than the specified minima should be applied whenever exceptional circumstances such as unlawful interference or navigational difficulties cal for extra precautions.

b) What are the main objectives of “air traffic service”?

The objectives of the air traffic services shall be to:

1. prevent collisions between aircraft;

2. prevent collisions between aircraft on the maneuvering area and obstructions on that area;

3. expedite and maintain an orderly flow of air traffic;

4. provide advice and information useful for the safe and efficient conduct of flights;

5. notify appropriate organizations regarding aircraft in need of search and rescue aid, and assist such organizations as required.