Index

7,12-dimethybenz(a)anthracene (DBMA),65

A

academia, 311-13 acrylamide, 235 additives, food, 253

adverse drug reactions, 16, 335 affluence, diseases of. See diseases of

affluence aflatoxin, 5,236

binding to DNA, 51-53 children, 36

in com, 35-36

foci development, 54,59 liver cancer, 21, 35-36, 49 low-protein diet, 53

in peanuts and peanut butter, 35-36 protein, 51-59

tumor development, 60-61 Agriculture, United States Department

of,28 Alar, 43 alcohol, 281

alternative medicine, 252, 334 Alzheimer's disease, 218-22

See also cognitive impairment American Cancer Society, 263-64, 267 American Council on Science and Health

(ACSH),259-60

American Diabetes Association, 152

American Heart Association, 131 American Institute for Cancer Research

(AICR), 261-67 American Meat Institute, 290 amino acids, 29-30 aminotriazole, 44

Anderson, james, 151 , 154 Angell, Marcia, 316-17, 333-34 angina, 113

angioplasty, 122, 124 animal-based diet, 21, 28

antioxidants, 92

blood cholesterol, 77-78, 80-81 breast cancer, 85-89, 285 calorie consumption, 367 comparison with plant-based

diet, 358 diabetes, 149-50 dietary fat, 83, 86

government promotion of, 258 heart disease , 11 7-19 historical baSis, 344-45

hormones (reproductive) , 88, 160, 160-61

IGF-l (Insulin-like Growth Factor 1), 179

large bowel cancer, 170, 170-71 nutrition, 230, 230-32

prostate cancer, 178

tumor development, 66-67

in the United States, 274, 276-78

vitamin D, 179-81 See also dairy foods

animal-based protein biomarkers, 88-89

blood cholesterol, 80, 173 calcium, 205

cancer, 367 in China, 274

dietary fat, 276-78, 278 heart disease, 119 , 120

IGF-l (Insulin-like Growth Factor

1),367

kidney stones, 212-14,213 osteoporosis, 205-8 quality of protein, 30

in the United States, 274 urinary calcium, 206, 214 vitamin D, 200, 365-67, 366

animal experimentation, 45 , 48, 62-64, 67,351-52

animal foods industry, 252, 255-68 See also food industry

antigens, 185-86

antioxidants, 3, 66, 92-93, 214-17, 219-20, 301-2

Applebaum, Howard, 258 apples, 43

Appleton, Scott, 54 arthritis, 199, 210,338 artificial sweeteners, 44 ascorbic acid, 93 atherosclerosis, 117

Atkins Center for Complementary Medicine, 96-97

Atkins Diet. See high-protein diet Atwater, Wilbur 0., 28

Auburn University, 32

autoimmune diseases, 183-87, 184, 199201,237,349

See also diabetes; multiple sclerosis Autret, M., 33

B

B-cells, 185

Bauman, Dale, 297-98, 300

Baxter Healthcare Corporation, 328

beta-amylOid, 219, 221 beta-carotene, 93, 94, 229 biomarkers, 21, 88-89, 94, 199 blood cholesterol, 77, 106-7

animal-based protein, 80, 173 breast cancer, 87

cancer, 78-79

diabetes, 149-55, 152, 154 diet and nutrition, 80-81 heart disease, 114-15 liver cancer, 104

blood sugar. See diabetes

BMD (bone mineral density), 210 BMI (body mass index) , 100, 135-36,

136 body fat, 78

body mass index (BMI), 100, 135-46,136 body size, 102-4

bone mineral density (BMD) , 210 bovine serum albumin (BSA), 188

BRCA 1 and 2, 158,162 breast cancer

alcohol, 281 biomarkers, 21 blood cholesterol, 87

bone mineral density, 210 casein, 65

in China, 70 death rates, 275

diet and nutrition, 65, 84-86, 85-89, 271-83 , 285

dietary fat, 83-89, 84-86, 271-75,275 estrogen, 87-88, 160-61, 164

genetic predispOSition to, 158, 161-62 hormone replacement therapy (HRT),

166-67

hormones (reproductive), 3, 87-88, 160, 164, 167-68

menarche, 87

risk factors, 160, 160-61

scientific studies, 21, 167-68, 272-85 survival rates, 163

tamoxifen, 163-64

in the United States, 71 , 79 See also BRCA 1 and 2

Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 328

Chittenden, Russell, 24

cholesterol. See blood cholesterol; dietary cholesterol

Chou EnLai, 69

CLA (conjugated linoleic acid), 296-99 Cleveland Clinic, 125, 322-24, 338-41 Coca-Cola, 312

cognitive impairment, 3, 218-22, 349 Cold is Cool, 293

colon cancer. See large bowel cancer colonoscopy, 168, 175-76

color (of fruits and vegetables), 92-93 colorectal cancer. See large bowel cancer Committee on Nutrition, United States

Senate Select, 83 complex carbohydrates, 98

conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), 296-99 constitutional nature of disease,

343-44 corn, 35-36

Cornell University, 32

coronary bypass surgery, 122, 123-24 coronary heart disease. See heart disease correlation study deSign, 353-59 correlations, 39-40

See also disease associations Council on Agriculture, Science and

Technology (CAST), 260-61 Crile, George, Jr., 322 crytoxanthins, 93

cyclamates, 44

D

dairy foods

autoimmune diseases, 199-201 osteoporosis, 204-5, 208-10 prostate cancer, 3, 178

vitamin D, 179-81

See also animal-based diet; casein; milk

dairy industry, 209-10, 255-68, 290-98, 328

See also food industry

Dairy Management, Inc., 291-98 Dannon Institute, 311, 328 Dannon Yogurt, 312

Danone Group, 289

DBMA (7, 12-dimethybenz(a)anthracen e), 65

DDT, 44

death, 15-16, 16 death rates

breast cancer, 275 cancer, 13, 70-71, 71 in China, 70-71

heart disease, 111-12, 115-17, 116 large bowel cancer, 169, 169 multiple sclerosis, 196

in the United States, 79,111-12 Demas, Antonia, 317-18 dementia, 218-22

Department of Agriculture, 28 diabetes

about, 14-15, 145-48 alcohol, 281

among Japanese, ISO

blood cholesterol, 149-55, 152, 154 carbohydrates, 149-55

children, 187-94 costs of, 148

diet and nutrition, 3, 148, 149-55, 153,349

dietary fat, 149-55 in Finland, 188, 191

genetic predisposition to, 188-90 immune system, 187

large bowel cancer, 174 lifestyle changes, 153-55 milk, 187-94, 190

rates of, 145, 148 risk factors, 189

scientific controversy, 192-94 scientific studies, 149-53, 188-97 Seventh-day Adventists, 149-50 in the United States, 15, 189 viruses, 190

weight, 149

See also autoimmune diseases; diseases of affluence

diet. See nutrition; specific diets

Diet, Nutrition and Cancer (NAS report), 83-84,255,260-61,269

dietary changes, xvi, 3, 164-65, 181--82, 226,242-48,346

dietary cholesterol, 77-81, 221, 282-83 dietary fat, 66, 78

animal-based diet, 83, 86 animal-based protein, 276-78, 278 breast cancer, 83-89, 84--86, 271-75,

275 cancer, 84, 271

confusion about, 81--82 diabetes, 149-55

in foods, 83

government dietary recommendations, 83-84,306--8

hormones (reproductive), 88 nutrition, 81--82

plant-based diet, 83 dietary fiber. See fiber

Dietary Guidelines Committee, 312 dietary intake, 74 dimethybenz(a)anthracene (DBMA), 65 dioxins, 4-5, 165-66

disclosure, need for, 312-l3 disease

constitutional nature of, 343-44 prevention through nutrition, 23,

109-10,182,236-37,260,316,

343-46

disease associations, 76, 80, 279, 353-59, 368

diseases of affluence, 76, 76-77, 109-10, 191 , 278-79,347

See also specific diseases diseases of poverty, 76, 76-77, 103 DNA, 51-53, 65, 165-66

Doll, Sir Richard, 85

drug industry. See pharmaceutical industry

drug reactions, adverse, 16, 335 Dunaif, George, 54

Duvalier, Papa Doc, 34

E

ecological study deSign, 353-59 egg industry, 255-68

See also food industry

Egg Nutrition Board, 328 eggs, 30, 282--83

Eli Lilly &: Co., 289 Engel, Charlie, 33

environmental chemicals, 2, 165-66, 235 environmental effects of diet, 239-40,

347-48 enzymes, 51-52, 51-53

eosinophilic vasculitis, 199 EPIC study, 172 esophageal cancer, 94

Esselstyn, Caldwell B., Jr. , 79, 125-27, 321-27,338-41

essential amino acids, 29-30 essential nutrients, 231 estrogen, 87-88,160-61, 164

See also hormones (reproductive); prolactin

exercise, 142-43, 175 eye diseases, 217, 349

F

false advertising, 269-70

FAO (United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization), 32-33, 309-10

fat. See body fat; dietary fat fatigue, 352

fatty acids, 296

Federal Trade Commission, 270 Federation of American Societies

for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 253

fibe~89-92,90, 170-74

fiber supplements, 153 Finland, 188, 191

fish, 281-82

fish protein, 32, 66

Florida Citrus Commission, 303 Florida Citrus Processors Association,

290

foci, 54-61,55,57, 62 folic acid, 221

food additives or modification, 253, 300 Food and Agriculture Organization

(FAO), 32-33, 309-10

Food and Nutrition Board (ofNAS), 255, 306-14

Food Guide Pyramid, 312, 313 food industry

influence of, 289-90, 310-13 marketing, xv, 292-95

misuse of scientific information, 8, 303

nutrition education, 328 food labels, 314

Food Stamp program, 312 Food Studies Institute, 318 Foster, E. M., 290

Framingham Heart Study, 114-15, 220-21 free radicals, 92, 214-17, 219-20

fruit industry, 302-3 fruits, 92-93, 98

G

garlic, 252

General Nutrition, Inc. , 269-70 genetic predisposition to disease, 2,

233-35

breast cancer, 158, 161-62 cancer, 71,85,88-89 diabetes, 188-90

heart disease, 116 large bowel cancer, 176

multiple sclerosis, 197-98 nutrition, 23

obeSity, 140

See also BRCA 1 and 2 Gentry, Marilyn, 262

geographic distribution of diseases, 363, 363-64

Alzheimer's disease, 219 autoimmune diseases, 184,

199-200 cancer, 70

cognitive impairment, 219 kidney stones, 212

large bowel cancer, 169 multiple sclerosis, 195 osteoporosis, 204-5

Glaucon, 344-45 gluten, 59

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 234 government dietary recommendations,

305-10,313 confusion, 281-84 dangers of, 131-33 dietary fat, 83-84, 306-8 McGovern report, 252-53 protein, 58, 258 , 306-9

resistance to change, 262-63 sugars, 306-8

vitamin supplements, 288 Graves' disease, 199

H

Haiti, 34

Harper, Alf, 255-61, 265 Hashimoto thyroiditis, 199

HBV (hepatitis B virus) , 62-65, 64, 104 He, Youping, 66, 301

health and nutrition, 22-24, 105-7, 250, 305

health care industry, 289, 324-27 health care system, 15-19, 16, 18 Healthy Greens, 269-70

Heart and EstrogenlProgestin Replacement Study (HERS), 166

heart disease, 15 about, 112-14 alcohol, 281

among American soldiers, 112 arterial blood flow, 128

blood cholesterol, 114-15 casein, 294

death rates, 111-12, 115-17, 116 diet and nutrition, 3, 117-19, 120,

282,348-49

Framingham Heart Study, 114-15 genetic predisposition to, 116 hormone replacement therapy (HRT),

167

risk factors, 114, 189 scientific studies, 112, 114-15,

117-19,324 survival rate, 118 treatments, 122

in the United States, 79,111-12,123

vitamin C, 94

See also diseases of affluence heart transplants, 122

Hegsted, Mark, 208, 262 Heidrich, Ruth, 23 hemoglobin, 91

hepatitis B virus (HBV), 62-65, 64, 104 high-carbohydrate diet, 97-99, 149-55,

153

high-fat diet, 99-102, 258 high-fiber diet, 149-55, 153 high-protein diet, 19,95-97,223

breast cancer, 65

calorie consumption, 99-102 fatigue, 352

government dietary recommendations,

308-9

HBV (hepatitis B virus), 63-65 liver cancer, 5

tumor development, 60-61

See also casein Himsworth, Harold P., 149 Hippocrates, 345 Hoffman, Frederick L., 345

holistic approach to health, 238-40 homocysteine, 221

Horio, Fumiyiki, 57

hormone replacement therapy (HRT), 166-67

hormones (reproductive)

breast cancer, 87-88, 160, 164, 167-68

diet, 160-61

environmental chemicals, 165-66 hot dogs, 44-46

HRT (hormone replacement therapy), 166-67

Hu, F.B., 286

Hu,Jifan,63

IGF-l (Insulin-like Growth Factor 1), 179,367

immune system, 184-87 diabetes, 187

See also autoimmune diseases

INCA-PARINA, 32

India, 5, 36-37, 47 insulin. See diabetes

Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-l), 179

International Life Sciences Institute, 311 International Sprout Growers

Association, 290

Intolerable Risk: Pesticides in Our Children's Food (NRDC report), 43

iron, 90-91

J

James, Phillip, 309-10

Japan, 150

Johnson and Johnson, 289

Jukes, Tom, 256-57, 260

juvenile-onset diabetes. See diabetes

juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, 199

K

Kassler, William, 328

Kennedy, Eileen, 318

Keys, Ancel, 121

kidney stones, 3, 211-14, 213, 349

King, Ken, 34

Kraft Foods, Inc. , 289, 299

L

Laetrile, 252

large bowel cancer, 91-92 calcium, 174-75 death rates, 169,169 diabetes, 174

diet and nutrition, 170, 170-71, 283-84

exercise, 175 fiber, 170-74

genetic predisposition to disease, 176 geographic distribution, 169 scientific studies, 170-74

in South Africa, 172-74, 173 Lewis, Carl, 23

Li,Junyao,72

lifestyle changes, 129-30, 153-55,242- 48,346

Lifestyle Heart Trial (Lifestyle Project), 129-30

linoleic acid, 296-99 liver cancer

aflatoxin poisoning, 21, 35-36, 49 blood cholesterol, 104

casein, 63, 63-65, 64 in China, 104

HBV (hepatitis B virus), 62-65, 63, 64, 104

nutrition, 66 protein,S, 36-37, 47

local theory of disease, 343-44 low-carbohydrate diet. See high-protein

diet

low-cholesterol diet, 117-19 low-fat diet, 164-65

calorie consumption, 99-102 diabetes, 149-55

foods, 275-76

heart disease, 117-19 multiple sclerosis, 195 scientific studies, 129-30

low-protein diet aflatoxin, 53

calorie consumption, 99-102 cancer development, 53

HBV (hepatitis B virus), 63-65 tumor development, 60-61

lung cancer, 189 lupus, 199 lutein, 217

lycopene,93,300-302 Lyman, Howard, xiii-xiv, 27 lysine, 32

M

Macilwain, George, 343-44 macronutrients, 29

macular degeneration, 215-17 mammary cancer. See breast cancer mammography, 163

marketing strategies, xv; 292-95 Massachusetts Institute of Technology

(MIT), 32 McCay, Major, 29

McDonald's, 258, 274, 289

McDougall, John, 324, 329-32, 334-38

McDougall Plan, The, 324

McGovern, George, 83, 252-53 Mead Johnson Nutritionals, 312 meat, 28

See also animal-based diet; animalbased protein

meat industry, 255-68, 290-98 See also food industry

mechanisms of action, 41, 199-200 medical care. See health care system medical industry

alternative medicine, 252

resistance to change, 267, 324-27, 339 medical journals, 333

Medical Nutrition Curriculum Initiative, 328

medical schools, 328-35 Medicare, 313 menarche, 87-88,160

menopause, 87-88, 160, 160,167-68 menstruation, 87, 160

metabolic rate, 142 metanalysis, 41 micronutrients, 29 milk

autoimmune diseases, 186 diabetes, 187-94, 190 diet and nutrition, 30

marketing strategies, 292-95 multiple sclerosis, 196, 197

See also casein; dairy foods; dairy industry

minerals, 29

MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), 32

mixed function oxidase, 51 M&M Mars Co., 310 molds. See aflatoxin molecular mimicry, 186 Morrison, Lester, 117-19 Moses, Edwin, 23

Mulder, Gerhard, 27

Multicenter Lifestyle Demonstration Project, 130

multiple sclerosis, 194-98, 196, 197, 337 See also autoimmune diseases

Multiple Sclerosis International Federation, 201

myasthenia gravis, 199 myelin, 195

N

N-nitroso-methylurea (NMU), 65 Nader, Ralph, 46

Nakajima, Hiroshi, 348

National Academy of Sciences (NAS)

Diet, Nutrition and Cancer (report) , 83-84,255,260-61,269

Food and Nutrition Board, 255

Toward Healthful Diets (report), 258 National Cancer Institute, 315 National Cattlemen's Beef Association,

299, 328

National Cholesterol Education Program, 131-32

National Dairy Council, 264, 290-91, 299 , 312, 328

National Dairy Promotion and Research Board,290

National Fluid Milk Processor Promotion Board,290

National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute , 315

National Institutes of Health (NIH), 47-48,314-17, 315

National Multiple Sclerosis Society, 194 National Research Council, 327 National Watermelon Promotion Board,

291

Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) , 43

Navratilova, Martina, 23 nervous system, 194-95 Nestle, 312, 328 Newberne, Paul, 37

NIH (National Institutes of Health), 47-48,314-17, 315

nitrites, 44 nitrosamines, 45-46

NMU (N-nitroso-methylurea), 65

Northeast Dairy Foods Research Center, 299

NRDE (Natural Resources Defense Council), 43

Nurses' Health Study, 272-80, 284-88, 316

nutrition

autoimmune diseases, 237 blood cholesterol, 80-81

cancer, 50, 60-61 , 181-82, 260-61 ,

271

in China, 21-22, 74, 2 73-74, 358 confusion, xv, 1, 19-20,224, 250,

281-84 cost benefits, 24

dietary fat, 81-82

disease prevention and cure, 23, 109-10,182, 236-37 , 260,316, 343-46

education, 317-18, 327-29

effect on health, 3, 7, 22-24, 105-7, 305,335

environmental chemicals, 235 exercise, 142-43

food interactions, 226-28

genetic predisposition to disease, 23 government dietary recommendations,

131-33 , 307

government funding of research , 315 industry influence, 311-13

liver cancer, 66

physician ignorance about nutrition, 327-29

in schools, 317-18

scientific or research committees, 253-68

tumor development, 66

in the United States, 273-74, 273-78, 276-77, 358

See also diseases of affluence; diseases of poverty

Nutrition in Medicine, 328 nutrition programs

Philippines, 33-35

o

obeSity, 13-14, 13-14, 135-38, 140 O'Connor, Torn, 66, 270

Olson, Bob, 255-60, 265 omega-3 fatty acids, 281-82 oranges, 302-3

amish, Dean, 129-33

osteoporosis, 21,180-81 , 204-11,207, 209, 329,349

ovarian cancer, 162

P

PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) , 165-66

Palmer, Sushma, 262 pancreatic cancer, 66 pangamic acid, 252 Papua New Guinea, 115

parathyroid hormone, 365 Pariza, Michael, 290 , 297-98 Parkinson's disease, 199 PCBs, 165-66

peanuts and peanut butter, 34-36 Peto , Sir Richard, 72, 85 , 355 Pfizer, 289, 312

pharmaceutical industry, 8, 289, 316-17, 332-34

Philippines,S, 21, 33-35 photosynthesis, 92 physicians

confusion of, 2, 334

ignorance about nutrition, 327-29 nutrition education, 327-29, 335 pharmaceutical industry, 332-34 resistance to change, 324-27, 331,

336,339

See also medical schools Physician's Committee for Responsible

Medicine, 312 plant-based diet

Alzheimer's disease, 219-20 autoimmune diseases, 349 blood cholesterol, 80-81 calorie consumption, 141 cancer, 348-49

cataracts, 217

cognitive impairment, 219-20, 349 colon cancer, 283-84

comparison with animal-based diet, 358

diabetes, 149-50, 349 dietary fat, 83

disease prevention, 203-4 environmental benefits, 239-40 eye diseases, 349

fiber, 90-91 , 172

health benefits of, 21, 73-74, 348-50

heart disease, 117-19, 348-49 hormones (reproductive), 160,

160-61, 164-65 kidney stones, 349

large bowel cancer, 170-71 macular degeneration, 215-17 menopause, 167

metabolic rate, 142 nutrition, 230, 230-32 osteoporosis, 349

school lunch program, 318 scientific studies, 126-27, 129-30,

203-4 stroke, 220-21

throughout history, 344-45 weight loss, 138-42

what to eat, 141,242-48,243 plant-based protein

blood cholesterol, 80 cancer, 6, 59-60

in China, 274

health benefits of, 30-31 heart disease, 119 tumor development, 66 in the United States, 274

See also gluten; soy protein plant food industry, 300-302

See also food industry plaque, 112-14

Plato, 344-45

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 165-66

polyps, 175-76

pooled analysis, 284-85

poveny, diseases of. See diseases of poverty Preston, Rachel, 53

Pritikin Center, 139, 152-53 progesterone, 160

prolactin, 88

prostate cancer, 3, 177-81,300-302,367 prostate specific antigen (PSA), 177 protein

about, 27-28 aflatoxin, 51-59, 54 amino acids, 29-30 blood cholesterol, 80 body size, 102-3

cancer development, 36-37, 51, 65 carcinogens, 47, 53

enzymes, 51-53,51-53

foci development, 54-59,55,57,60 government dietary recommendations,

58,258,306-9 in India, 47

liver cancer,S, 36-37, 47 meat, 28

in the Philippines, 34 quality of, 30-31, 102-4 scientific studies, 351-52

See also animal-based protein; casein; gluten; high-protein diet; lowprotein diet; plant-based protein; soy protein

protein gap, 31-33

Protein Power. See high-protein diet proteins, 29

PSA (prostate specific antigen), 177 puberty. See menarche

Public Nutrition Information Committee, 254-68,256-59

Purdue University, 32 Pyramid Cafe, 293 Pyramid Explorations, 293

R

recommended daily allowance (RDA). See government dietary recommendations

rectum, cancer of the. See large bowel cancer

reductionism, 271 , 272, 286-87, 300 research, theory and practice, 38, 193,

284-88,296-98,317,334,353-59 retinol, 216

rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile, 199 rice, 32

Rice, John, 43

risk factors for disease, 114, 160, 160-61, 189

Robbins, John, xv-xvi, 239-40 Roberts, Bill, 79

Robertson, W G., 212 Roche, 312

Rubner, Max, 28

5

saccharin, 44, 253

sanitation. See diseases of poverty School Lunch and Breakfast programs,

312-13,317-18 schools, 292-95, 317-18 Schulsinger, David, 59

scientific community's resistance to change, 120-21,260,265-66,287

scientific controversy, 192-94, 208-10 scientific or research committees, 253-68 scientific studies

alternative medicine, 334 Alzheimer's disease, 221

animal experimentation, 351-52 breast cancer, 21, 167-68,272-85 cancer, 53-67, 84,181-82,260-61,

351-52

causes of disease, 334 in China, 21-22 CLA,296-98

cognitive impairment, 219-20 diabetes, 149-53, 188-97

diet and nutrition, 53-67, 84,126-30, 181-82,203-4,253-68,260-61

food industry, 296-98, 299 funding, 291,315

heart disease, 112, 114-15, 117-19,324 in India, 47

industry attention, funding or influence,255-68,291,332-34

kidney stones, 212-14 large bowel cancer, 170-74 lycopene, 300-302

macular degeneration, 215-17 metanalysis, 41

multiple sclerosis, 195 Nurses' Health Study, 272-80 osteoporosis, 205-10

pharmaceutical industry, 332-34 in the Philippines, 21 , 33-35 prostate cancer, 300-302 protein, 351-52

stroke, 220-21

vitamin supplements, 229 women's health, 272-80 See also China Study, The

Scott, Dave, 23 selenium, 280 Seneca, 345-46

Seventh-day Adventists , 149-50, 335 simple carbohydrates, 98-99

60 Minutes (television program), 43 smoking, 122, 256

Socrates, 344-45 sodium nitrite, 44-46

South Africa, 172-74, 173

South Beach Diet. See high-protein diet soy protein, 60

spinach,227 Stampfer, Meir, 281 Starfield, Barbara, 15

statistical Significance, 40, 77 statistics

autoimmune diseases, 183 diabetes, 15

health in the United States, 3, 346-47

obesity, 13-14, 13-14, 135-38 Steinem, Gloria, 88

Stillings, Bruce, 33 stomach cancer, 94

stroke, 94, 218, 220-21 , 282 Sugar Association, 310 sugar industry, 309-10

See also food industry sugars, 98-99, 306-10

sunshine, 180, 199-200,231-32,363-65 Swank, Roy, 195-96, 337

T

T-cells, 185, 200 Taco Bell, 312 tamoxifen, 163-64

thermogenesis, 142, 352 Thompson, Tommy, 310 Tove, Sam, 265

Toward Healthful Diets (NAS report), 258

toxic food environment, xv transgenic mice, 62-64

tumor development, 60-61 , 61 , 66-67 Turner,james 5.,255

Type 1 and 2 diabetes. See diabetes

U

United Egg Producers, 290

United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, 32-33, 309-10

United States

breast cancer in, 71, 79 calorie consumption, 99-102 death rates, 79 , 111-12 diabetes in, 15, 189

diet and nutrition, 15, 74,273-74, 273-78,276-77,358

health statistics, 3, 346-47

heart disease in, 79, Ill-12, 123 United States Department of Agriculture

(USDA),28

United States National Institutes of Health (NIH), 47-48, 314-17, 315

United States Preventive Services Task Force, 288

United States Senate Select Committee on Nutrition, 83

urinary calcium, 205-6,206, 214 USDA (United States Department of

Agriculture), 28

V

vascular dementia, 218 vegetables, 92-93, 98-99

vegetarianism or veganism. See plantbased diet

Virginia Tech, 33 viruses, 190, 197-99

vitamin supplements, 2, 94-95, 216, 22829, 242, 269-70,288

vitamins, 29, 93, 269 vitamin A, 231 vitamin B12, 232

vitamin C, 93-94, 302-3

vitamin D, 179-81 , 200-201 , 208, 231,361-68,363

Voit, Carl, 28

WIC (Women, Infants and Children

Supplemental Feeding program) ,

312,313

Willett, Walter, 271-75 , 284, 286

Women, Infants and Children

Supplemental Feeding Program

(WIC), 312, 313

Women's Health Initiative (WHI), 166,

316

Women's Health Trial, 277-78

World Health Organization, 309-10

World Sugar Research Organization, 310

Wyeth-Ayerst LaboratOries, 328