2.4. Read the following statements and decide if they are true (t) or false (f).

1. The discovery of electron didn’t influence physical science.

2. It is possible to get the same results with ordinary electrical equipment as with transistors and radio tubes.

3. The device is called electronic if the stream of electrons passes through an electric copper wire.

4. The aim of electronics was to improve communication.

5. Vacuum tubes are classified according to the number of electrodes.

6. Vacuum tubes are much less than solid-state devices.

7. Parts of transistors wear out very quickly.

8. Equipment made with transistors weighs much more in comparison with valve equipment.

9. Transistors waste very much power.

10. A filament, a plate and a control grid are parts of a diode.

11. Electronics doesn’t serve to carry information.

2.5. Answer the questions to the text.

1. What is electronics?

2. How are vacuum tubes classified?

3. What device is called electronic?

4. What is a semiconductor?

5. When was the first transistor invented?

6. What led to the acceleration in the growth of electronics?

7. What is the main purpose of electronics?

8. What are the advantages of transistors?

9. What are the advantages of vacuum tubes?

10. Where are vacuum tubes still widely used?

11. What led to a revolution in physical science?

12. Who invented the first transistor?

13. In what direction do the electrons move?

Text B

Transistor Pretext exercises

2.6. Read the following words and expressions and try to guess their meaning.

Key element, electronics, invention, importance, process, produce, discrete, component, circuit, control function, design, terminal, property, output, signal processing, reproduction, amplifier, input, include, current, switch, apply, application, operation, digital circuit, valve, vacuum tube, equipment, replace, voltage, heater, intensity, vibration, limitation, broadcasting, sensitive, mobility.

2.7. Read the following words and notice their pronunciation.

reliability	[rI`laIq`bIlIqtI]	predecessor	[`prJdI`sqsq]
majority	[mq`GOrqtI]	application	[`xplI`keISn]
determine	[dI`tWmIn]	manufacturing	[`mxnjq`fxCqrIN]
relevant	[`relqvqnt]	ruggedness	[`rAgIdnqs]
vibration	[vaI`breISn]	intensity	[In`tqnsqtI]
ubiquitous	[jH`bIkwItqs]	frequency	[`frJkwqnsI]

8. Translate the following attribute groups.

1. semiconductor device fabrication

2. control function

3. equivalent mechanical control function

4. sound reproduction

5. signal processing

6. modern transistor audio amplifier

7. high power application

8. switched-mode power supply

9. highly automated manufacturing process

10. battery-powered application

11. high frequency operation

12. over-the-air television broadcasting

13. electron mobility

14. atmospheric nuclear explosion

Memorize the following words and expressions

along with	вместе с, наряду с	to carry out	проводить, осуществлять
logic gate	логический элемент	prior to	до
switch	переключатель, выключатель	to rest on	зд. основываться, опираться
cathode heater	нагреватель катода	capacitor	конденсатор, емкость
ruggedness	зд. прочность	predecessor	предшественник
to avoid	избегать	dissipation	рассеяние
reliability	надежность	to determine	определять
application	применение, приложение	to achieve	достигать, добираться
terminal	клемма, зажим	due to	вследствие, из-за
signal processing	обработка сигнала	to fabricate	собирать
gain	коэффициент усиления