greatbritain

PART 1. Community Pharmacist

to give advice, to offer health check services, to supervise the preparation, to oversee safe storage of medicines, to promote sales, to share information, to make out a prescription.

3. Complete the following sentences using the information from the text.

1.To start your pharmacy practice you must… . 2. To gain admittance to the register you must… . 3. The pre-registration year provides… . 4. Registered pharmacists may work in… . 5. Some young pharmacists prefer to choose… . 6. In a large pharmacy a pharmacist will work with… . 7. The work carries… . 8. A retail pharmacist is responsible of checking… . 9. You will have to keep a register of… . 10. Your work will include counselling the public on… . 11. Your work activities will also include overseeing the… .

12.A pharmacist is in charge of promoting… . 12. Working hours may include. . . 13. Most pharmacists work … system. 14. Internet pharmacies help share … .

4.Answer the following questions to make up the summary of the text.

1.What are the requirements for gaining admittance to the RPS register?

2.Under whose supervision is the pre-registration training undertaken?

3.What is every trainee supposed to achieve and demonstrate?

4.Where can a community pharmacist work?

5.What does a pharmacy staff consist of?

6.What personal qualities and skills must a community pharmacist have?

7.What are typical work activities of a community pharmacist?

8.What system do pharmacists work on?

9.What new pharmacy service is offered to the patients?

10.Is continuing professional development mandatory for every pharmacist?

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UNIT 6. PRACTICING PHARMACY

5. Read the text and answer the following questions:

1)What document do the pharmacy laws recognize as the standard for drugs?

2)What is the purpose of the Pharmacopoeia Internationalis?

Pharmacy laws generally include the regulations for the practice of pharmacy, the sale of poisons, the dispensing of narcotics, and the labeling and sale of dangerous drugs. The pharmacist sells and dispenses drugs within the provisions of the food and drug laws of the country in which he practices. These laws recognize the national pharmocopoeia – a document which defines products used in medicine, their purity, dosages, and other pertinent data – as the standard for drugs. The World Health Organization of the United Nations began publishing the Pharmacopoeia Internationalis in the early 1950s. Its purpose is to standardize drugs internationally and to supply standards, strength, and nomenclature for those countries that have no national pharmacopoeia.

Part 2. Hospital Pharmacist1

A hospital pharmacist works in a hospital pharmacy service and is responsible for ensuring the safe, appropriate and cost-effective use of medicines. A hospital pharmacist works within a team of doctors and nurses and uses his or her knowledge of chemistry to provide the most appropriate drug treatment to individual patients.

In order to become a hospital pharmacist it is mandatory to complete the pre-registration year in hospital pharmacy. The prereg year is assessed by competencies throughout the year and by the examination at the end. Most hospitals have their pre-registration positions.

The pre-registration course comprises the introduction to all aspects of pharmacy practice. They include medicines information, training and dispensary work2, aseptic dispensing, in-patient and outpatient pharmacy, and also spending time on the wards, discussing drug treatment with patients and clinical staff. Hospital pharmacies are heavily computerised for both routine control and for financial management. Computer literacy is therefore essential.

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PART 2. Hospital Pharmacist

A hospital pharmacist is supposed to have certain personal qualities and skills. It is very important to be able to work carefully, methodically and accurately. This is vital, as mistakes could prove fatal. A hospital pharmacist contacts with patients on the wards and in outpatient departments, so having good interpersonal skills is also essential.

Typical work activities include:

—dispensing and distribution of drugs and medicines for patients;

—individual preparation of often powerful and complex formulation3 in different dosage forms;

—providing advice on medicines to individual patients, particularly to those who require complex drug therapy; anticipating problems when two or more drugs are used together;

—ensuring that medication reaches the patient in the appropriate and correct dose and form: tablets or capsules, injections or creams, etc.;

—contacting physicians, nurses and other health care professionals to ensure the delivery of safe, effective and economic drug treatment;

—monitoring and reporting patient side-effects to medication;

—setting up clinical trials and evaluating new medicines to recommend those that are safest and most effective;

—contributing to research and development, often in collaboration with medical staff and colleagues in pharmaceutical industry.

Hospital pharmacists work in laboratories and small, sterile rooms called ‘clean rooms’. Much of the work involves dealing directly with chemicals and medicines, using equipment such as measuring equipment and a pestle and mortar. Working conditions may be hot. A uniform of sterile clothing, including gloves and a gown is required. Working hours may be nine to five, possibly with some extra hours and can involve the weekend. Work is organised on a daily basis in the dispensary and on the wards, often with direct patient contact.

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UNIT 6. PRACTICING PHARMACY

Continuing professional development is absolutely essential as pharmacy is a profession which is constantly changing and evolving. CPD is mandatory and well supported by employers. It is necessary for pharmacists to keep up to date with new developments in drug research. This need to keep up to date means that a pharmacist will have to constantly read the professional journals and publications and attend courses and training sessions throughout his or her career.

Following several years’ experience, you may be expected to specialise in a chosen area of pharmacy practice, for example, radiopharmacy, paediatric care, haematology or quality control. You may also provide tutorial support to undegraduate pharmacy students or pre-reg pharmacists.

Vocabulary

a) cost-effective, dispensary work, nurse, aseptic, in-patient, out-patient, ward, literacy, therefore, accurately, vital, fatal, interpersonal, formulation, capsule, injection, particularly, trial, in collaboration (with), a colleague, equipment, pestle, mortar, gown, dispensary, employer, sterile, paediatric, experience, haematology;

b) to be computerised, to anticipate, to set up, to evaluate, to assess, to contribute (to) , to evolve, to keep up (to) , to measure.

Notes on the text

1.hospital pharmacist — клинический фармацевт;

2.dispensary — помещение (госпитальной) аптеки, где по рецептам врача получают лекарства; dispensary work – работа по приготовлению лекарства;

3.formulation — зд.: состав (лекарства).

Exercises

1. Practice the pronunciation of the following words.

Aseptic [q`sEptIk], routine [rH`tJn], financial [fai`nxnSql], literacy [`lItqrqsi], methodically [mI`TOdik(q) lI], accurately

[`xkjurItlI], fatal [`feitl], capsule [`kxpsjHl], injection [In`GekSn], collegue [`kOlJg], sterile [`stErail], measuring [`mFZqrIN], paediatric [pJdI`xtrIk], haematology [hJmq`tOlqGI].

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PART 2. Hospital Pharmacist

2. Translate the following word combinations into Russian.

Cost-effective use of medicines, outpatient departments, health care professionals, economic drug treatment, measuring equipment, extra working hours, courses and training sessions, paediatric care, several years’ experience; to be assessed by competences, to spend time on the wards, to distribute drugs and medicines, to provide advice on medicines, to anticipate problems, to monitor patient side-effects, to set up clinical trials, to evaluate new medicines, to contribute to R&D, to keep up to date with new developments, to provide tutorial support.

3. Translate the following sentences into English.

1.Для того, чтобы зарегистрироваться как клинический провизор, каждый кандидат обязан пройти годовую практику в больничной аптеке и затем сдать экзамен. 2. Провизор отвечает за правильное, безопасное, эффективное и экономичное использование лекарственных препаратов. 3. Провизор должен обладать определенными личными качествами

иумением общаться с людьми. 4. Клинический провизор работает вместе с врачами и медсестрами и участвует в выборе подходящего лекарства для каждого пациента. 5. Клинический провизор сам готовит сильнодействующие и сложные составы (лекарств) в разных дозах и формах. 6. Работа клинического провизора включает также работу с оборудованием, например, таким, как измерительная аппаратура. 7. Очень важно уметь предвидеть возможные побочные эффекты, когда два или более лекарства принимаются одновременно. 8. Чтобы быть на современном уровне, провизор должен постоянно читать профессиональные журналы и проходить курсы повышения квалификации.

4.Discuss the job of a community pharmacist and a hospital pharmacist. Which of these occupations appeals to you more? Explain your choice.

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UNIT 6. PRACTICING PHARMACY

5. Read the text and answer the following questions.

1)Is taking drugs necessary in every particular case?

2)What should you keep in mind taking two or more drugs together?

3)What should patients inform their physician and pharmacist about?

The purpose of using drugs is to relieve symptoms, treat infection, reduce the risk of future disease, and destroy selected cells such as in the chemotherapeutic treatment of cancer. The best treatment, however, may not require a drug at all. Recognising that no effective medication exists is just as important as knowing which one to select.

When more than one drug is useful, physicians should select the one that is most effective, least hazardous, and least expensive. Every drug has multiple actions: it will affect organs and systems beyond those to which it is specifically targeted. Some patients may also experience idiosyncratic effects as well as allergic reactions to certain drugs.

Unnecessary drug use also increases the possibility of drug interactions that may interfere with drug effectiveness. Problems may occur when a patient is being treated by different physicians, and one physician is not aware of the drug that another has prescribed.

Patients should inform their physicians of any new drugs they are taking, as well as consult with the pharmacist about possible interactions that an OTC drug might have with a prescription drug already being taken.

Part 3. Career Options in Pharmaceutical Industry

Pharmacists can contribute to all the achievements in the pharmaceutical industry.

The pharmacists’ training is relevant in many areas in the research and development of new medicines.

For pharmacists who have specialised in areas such as medicinal chemistry1, pharmacology and toxicology, there are openings in

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PART 3. Career Options in Pharmaceutical Industry

basic scientific research2. Pharmacists are also ideally suited to work in the design of dosage forms (e. g. , capsules, suppositories) which ensure the most effective use of the new medicine. This sort of work extends to designing improved dosage forms for existing products. New products often require the development of new analytical techniques or methods. Specialists in pharmacy may also be involved in this area.

You may choose working in the clinical trials environment3 where pharmacists help assess the safety and efficacy of new medicines. Skills learnt during pharmacy training allow you to support the entire clinical trial process from the manufacture and supply of materials through to the planning, monitoring and reporting of complex studies.

Approvals to conduct clinical trials of new medicinal substances are required in many countries, and a career in regulatory affairs4 may allow you to become involved in the often complex regulatory process. The requirements of Regulatory Authorities exert a considerable influence on the development, manufacture and marketing of new medicines. It may be chemical characterisation or impurities in the active drug substance, design of toxicology and clinical programmes or advertising claims for the product – the Regulatory Affairs Department becomes involved.

The quality assurance of medicines is a vital factor in ensuring that the highest standards possible are reached. It embraces all aspects of manufacture, supply, and quality control and is governed by the principles of Good Pharmaceuticals Manufacturing Practice5. A considerable number of pharmacists work at the pharmaceutical factories in this area. They are individuals who are authorised6 to release the batches of medicines onto the market.

The pharmacist can also become involved in advisory roles within manufacturing, sales and marketing and patenting.

Manufacturing requires the traditional skills of the pharmacist in compounding7 the drug form and brings with it increasing demands, as new technologies, as well as new drugs, move into the market place.

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UNIT 6. PRACTICING PHARMACY

Marketing and sales promotion is an important component of the development of a medicine since if a good medicine isn’t promoted, it may never reach the patients who need it.

Whatever your talents and aspirations, the pharmaceutical industry can offer a stimulating career with significant opportunity for promotion within specialist functions or general management.

Vocabulary

a) option, relevant, an opening, technique, efficacy, entire, approval, regulatory, advertising, impurity, vital, claim, batch, advisory, patenting, compounding (a medicine), promotion, aspiration, significant, stimulating;

b) to extend, to improve, to exist, to exert, to embrace, to be governed, to authorise, to release, to compound, to be promoted.

Notes on the text

1.medicinal chemistry — лекарственная химия, включает

всебя несколько химических и биологических дисциплин, занимающихся исследованием и разработкой лекарственных веществ;

2.basic scientific research — фундаментальные научные исследования;

3.in clinical trials environment — в группе специалистов, занимающихся клиническими испытаниями;

4.in regulatory affairs — в области государственного регулирования (разработок новых лекарственных препаратов);

5.Good Pharmaceuticals Manufacturing Practice (GMP) —

практика производства высококачественных фармацевтических продуктов (международные требования к производству лекарственных средств);

6.are authorised — уполномочены, обладают правом разрешать;

7.compounding the drug form — приготовление лекарственной формы по составу (ср.: to compound — смешивать, приготавливать по составу).

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PART 3. Career Options in Pharmaceutical Industry

Exercises

1. Practice the pronunciation of the following words.

Specialise [`spFSqlaIz], efficacy [`FfIkqsI], entire [In`taIq], ideally [aI`dIqlI], regulatory [rFgju`leItrI], exert [Ig`zWt], suppository [sq`pOzItrI], technique [tFk`nJk], characterisation

[kxrIktqraI`zeISn], authorise [`LTqraIz], aspect [`xspFkt], personally [`pWsnqlI], stimulating [`stImjuleItIN], aspiration

[xspq`reISn].

2. Study the text and say which of the the following statements are true and which are false; correct the false statements.

1.Pharmacists’ training is not relevant in the research and development of new medicines.

2.For pharmacists who have specialised in areas such as medicinal chemistry, pharmacology and toxicology there are openings in basic scientific research.

3.New products do not require the development of new techniques and methods.

4.Pharmacists are not enough qualified to work in the clinical trials environment.

5.Approvals to conduct clinical trials of new medicines are required in many countries.

6.The quality assurance of medicines is a vital factor in ensuring that the highest standards possible are reached.

7.Manufacturing medicines in industry does not require the pharmacists’ skills in compounding the drugs.

8.It is not important for the medicine to be promoted.

3. Make up the sentences of your own using the following word combinations.

Achievements in pharmaceutical industry; research and development of new medicines; to specialise in pharmacology; design of dosage forms; efficacy of new medicines; to be involved in sales and marketing; impurities in the active drug substance; quality control of medicines; to work at a pharmaceutical factory; to be responsible for; stimulating career.

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UNIT 6. PRACTICING PHARMACY

4.Discuss the career openings in the industrial sector. Express your opinion according to your aspirations.

5.Read the text and answer the following questions.

1)How does the WHO define a pharmaceutical product?

2)When did the modern pharmaceutical industry begin?

3)How has pharmaceutical industry research aided medical progress?

Pharmaceutical industry is a complex of processes, operations, and organisations engaged in development and manufacture of drugs and medications.

The World Health Organisation defines a pharmaceutical product as “a simple or compound drug ready for use, and placed on the market under a special name or in a characteristic form”. The modern pharmaceutical industry began in the 19th century with the discovery of highly active medicinal compounds that could most efficiently be manufactured on a large scale. As these compounds replaced herbal medicines of earlier times, the occurrence and severity of such diseases as rheumatic fever, typhoid fever, pneumonia, poliomyelitis, tuberculosis and some others were greatly reduced. Pharmaceutical industry research has greatly aided medical progress; of the 66 most valuable drugs introduced since aspirin in 1899, 57 were discovered and then produced in industrial laboratories.

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