- •Apothecary
- •History
- •Other Mentions In Creative Literature
- •Noted Apothecaries
- •See also
- •References
- •Overview
- •Etymology
- •Function
- •Examples
- •See also
- •References
- •Clinical pharmacy
- •[Edit] See also
- •[Edit] References
- •[Edit] External links
- •Compounding
- •History
- •New England Compounding Center incident
- •Roles During research and development
- •Patients with unique or unusual medication needs
- •Personalized medicine and polypharmacy
- •Recent trends
- •Regulation in the United States
- •Analogy to "off-label" use
- •Drug testing and reporting of incidents
- •Criticism
- •Regulation in Australia
- •See also
- •References
- •External links
- •Consultant pharmacist
- •United States
- •United Kingdom
- •See also
- •External links
- •Etymology
- •Medication
- •Spiritual and religious use
- •Self-improvement
- •Recreational drug use
- •Administering drugs
- •See also
- •References
- •Health care
- •Health care delivery
- •Primary care
- •Secondary Care
- •Tertiary care
- •Quaternary care
- •Home and community care
- •Related sectors
- •Health system
- •Health care industry
- •Health care research
- •Health care financing
- •Health care administration and regulation
- •Health information technology
- •See also
- •Herbalism
- •History
- •Ancient times
- •Middle Ages
- •Early modern era
- •Modern herbal medicine
- •Biological background
- •Clinical tests
- •Prevalence of use
- •Herbal preparations
- •Practitioners
- •Government regulations
- •Traditional herbal medicine systems
- •Herbal philosophy and spiritual practices
- •Uses of herbal medicines by animals
- •Extinction of medicinal plant species
- •See also
- •References
- •Further reading
- •History of pharmacy
- •Prehistoric pharmacy
- •Antiquity
- •Middle Ages
- •See also
- •References
- •Hospice
- •History Early development
- •Rise of the modern hospice movement
- •Hospice care
- •North America Canada
- •United States
- •United Kingdom
- •Other nations
- •See also
- •Further reading
- •External links
- •Hospital pharmacy
- •Sterile production
- •See also
- •External links
- •Hospital
- •Etymology
- •General
- •District
- •Specialized
- •Teaching
- •Clinics
- •Departments
- •History Early examples
- •Roman Empire
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- •Funding
- •Buildings Architecture
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- •Medical education
- •Entry-level education
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- •Continuing medical education
- •Online learning
- •Example of medical education systems
- •Medical Education Journals
- •See also
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- •External links
- •Medical ethics
- •History
- •Values in medical ethics
- •Autonomy
- •Beneficence
- •Non-Maleficence
- •Double effect
- •Conflicts between autonomy and beneficence/non-maleficence
- •Euthanasia
- •Informed consent
- •Confidentiality
- •Criticisms of orthodox medical ethics
- •Importance of communication
- •Control and resolution
- •Guidelines
- •Ethics committees
- •Medical ethics in an online world
- •Cultural concerns
- •Truth-telling
- •Online business practices
- •Conflicts of interest
- •Referral
- •Vendor relationships
- •Treatment of family members
- •Sexual relationships
- •Futility
- •Sources and references
- •External links
- •Medical psychology
- •Behavioral medicine
- •Certifications
- •References
- •See also
- •External links
- •Institutions
- •Branches
- •Basic sciences
- •'Medicine' as a specialty
- •Diagnostic specialties
- •Other major specialties
- •Interdisciplinary fields
- •Education
- •Medical ethics
- •Legal controls
- •Criticism of modern medicine
- •Honors and awards
- •History
- •Ancient world
- •Middle ages
- •Patron saints
- •Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- •Background
- •Nomination and selection
- •Diplomas
- •Award money
- •Ceremony and banquet
- •Laureates
- •Time factor and death
- •Controversial inclusions and exclusions
- •Limits on number of awardees
- •Years without awards
- •References
- •Bibliography
- •[Edit] External links
- •Online pharmacy
- •Home delivery
- •Risks and concerns
- •Discussion
- •International consumers
- •U.S. Consumers
- •Overseas online pharmacies and u.S. Law
- •Enforcement
- •Mail fraud
- •Uk consumers
- •See also
- •References
- •External links
- •Pharmacist
- •Nature of the work
- •Education and credentialing
- •Practice specialization
- •Training and practice by country
- •Australia
- •Japan History
- •Contemporary
- •Tanzania
- •United Kingdom
- •Education and registration
- •Vietnam
- •United States
- •Pharmacy School Accreditation
- •Education
- •Specialization and credentialing
- •Earnings and wages
- •Noted people who were pharmacists
- •See also
- •References
- •Further reading
- •External links
- •Pharmacognosy
- •Introduction
- •Issues in phytotherapy
- •Constituents and drug synergysm
- •Herb and drug interactions
- •Natural products chemistry
- •Loss of biodiversity
- •Sustainable sources of plant and animal drugs
- •Acceptance in the United States
- •External links
- •References
- •Pharmacology
- •Divisions
- •Environmental pharmacology
- •Scientific background
- •Medicine development and safety testing
- •Drug legislation and safety
- •Education
- •See also
- •Footnotes
- •[Edit] External links
- •Pharmacopoeia
- •Etymology
- •History
- •City pharmacopoeia
- •National pharmacopoeia
- •International pharmacopoeia
- •Medical preparations, uses and dosages
- •See also
- •References
- •External links
- •Pharmacy automation
- •History
- •Chronology
- •Global variations
- •Current state of the industry
- •Technological changes and design improvements
- •Other pharmacy-dispensing concerns besides counting
- •Future development
- •Liquid Oral doses (Childs, aging, oncology...)
- •Repackaging process and stability data
- •See also
- •References
- •External links
- •Videos of robots in action
- •Pharmacy technician
- •See also
- •References
- •External links
- •Pharmacy
- •Disciplines
- •Professionals
- •Pharmacists
- •Pharmacy technicians
- •History
- •Types of pharmacy practice areas
- •Community pharmacy
- •Hospital pharmacy
- •Clinical pharmacy
- •Ambulatory care pharmacy
- •Compounding pharmacy
- •Consultant pharmacy
- •Internet pharmacy
- •Veterinary pharmacy
- •Nuclear pharmacy
- •Military pharmacy
- •Pharmacy informatics
- •Issues in pharmacy Separation of prescribing from dispensing
- •The future of pharmacy
- •Pharmacy journals
- •See also
- •Symbols
- •References
- •External links
- •Philosophy of healthcare
- •Ethics of healthcare
- •Medical ethics
- •Nursing ethics
- •Business ethics
- •Political philosophy of healthcare
- •Patients' Bill of Rights
- •Health insurance
- •Research and scholarship
- •Clinical trials
- •Quality assurance
- •Birth and death Reproductive rights
- •Birth and living
- •Death and dying
- •Role development
- •See also
- •References
- •External links
Symbols
The two symbolsmost commonly associated with pharmacy are themortar and pestleand the℞(recipere) character, which is often written as "Rx" in typed text. Theshow globewas also used in English-speaking countries until the early 20th century. Pharmacy organizations often use other symbols, such as theBowl of Hygieiawhich is often used in theNetherlands,conical measures, andcaduceusesin theirlogos. Other symbols are common in different countries: the greenGreek crossinFrance,Argentina, theUnited Kingdom,Belgium,Ireland,Italy,Spain, andIndia, the increasingly rareGaperin theNetherlands, and a red stylized letter A inGermanyandAustria(fromApotheke, theGermanword for pharmacy, from the sameGreekroot as theEnglishword 'apothecary').
Bowl of Hygieia, the internationally-recognised symbol of pharmacy (the profession)
Rod of Asclepius, the internationally-recognised symbol of medicine
Green cross and Bowl of Hygieia used in Europe (with the exception of Germany and Austria) and India
Simple green cross, also used in Europe and India
Red "A" (Apotheke) sign, used in Germany
Similar red "A" sign, used in Austria
The mortar and pestle, used in the United States and Canada
A hanging show-globe, formerly used in the United States
The Gaper, formerly used in the Netherlands
The symbol used on medical prescriptions, from the Latin Recipe
Notes
^ "Pharmakos - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia". En.wikipedia.org. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmakos. Retrieved 2012-11-03.
^ φάρμακον, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library
^ Palaeolexicon, Word study tool of ancient languages
^ World Health Organization. World Health Statistics 2011 - Table 6: Health workforce, infrastructure and essential medicines. Geneva, 2011. Accessed 21 July 2011.
^ Board of Pharmaceutical Specialties, Current Specialties
^ John K. Borchardt (2002). "The Beginnings of Drug Therapy: Ancient Mesopotamian Medicine". Drug News & Perspectives 15 (3): 187–192. doi:10.1358/dnp.2002.15.3.840015. ISSN 0214-0934. PMID 12677263.
^ Edward Kremers, Glenn Sonnedecker (1986). "Kremers and Urdang's History of pharmacy". Amer. Inst. History of Pharmacy. p.17. ISBN 0931292174
^ Titsingh, Isaac. (1834) Annales des empereurs du japon, p. 434.
^ has photos
^ a b Hadzovic, S (1997). "Pharmacy and the great contribution of Arab-Islamic science to its development" (in Croatian). Medicinski Arhiv 51 (1-2): 47–50. ISSN 0025-8083. OCLC 32564530. PMID 9324574.
^ al-Ghazal, Sharif Kaf (October 2003). "The valuable contributions of Al-Razi (Rhazes) in the history of pharmacy during the Middle Ages" (PDF). Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine 2 (4): 9–11. ISSN 1303-667X. OCLC 54045642. http://www.ishim.net/ishimj/4/02.pdf.
^ Levey M. (1973), ‘ Early Arabic Pharmacology’, E. J. Brill; Leiden.
^ History of Pharmacy Web Pages - Sweden´s oldest pharmacies
^ Sharif Kaf al-Ghazal, Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine, 2004 (3), pp. 3-9 [8].
^ American College of Clinical Pharmacy. The definition of clinical pharmacy. Pharmacotherapy 2008;28(6):816-817.
^ Burke JM, Miller WA, Spencer AP, et al. Clinical pharmacist competencies. Pharmacotherapy 2008;28(6):806-815.
^ BPS Approves Ambulatory Care Designation; Explores New Specialties in Pain and Palliative Care, Critical Care and Pediatrics
^ Knapp, KK; Okamoto, MP; Black, BL (2005). "ASHP survey of ambulatory care pharmacy practice in health systems--2004". American journal of health-system pharmacy : AJHP : official journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists 62 (3): 274–84. PMID 15719585.
^ American Society of Consultant Pharmacists, Frequently Asked Questions
^ Strand LM (1990). "Pharmaceutical care and patient outcomes: notes on what it is we manage". Top Hosp Pharm Manage. 10 (2): 77–84. PMID 10128568.
^ Hepler CD, Strand LM (1990). "Opportunities and responsibilities in pharmaceutical care". Am J Hosp Pharm. 47 (3): 533–43. PMID 2316538.
^ London Free Press Regional News Archive, Canada Internet Pharmacy Merged In $3.8 Million Deal
^ American Association of State Compensation Insurance Funds, Prepackaged Drugs in Workers' Compensation
^ British Medical Association, briefing on dispensing doctors, 30 January 2009 [1]
^ American College of Clinical Pharmacy, Evidence of the Economic Benefit of Clinical Pharmacy Services: 1996–2000
^ American Pharmacy Student Alliance (APSA)[unreliable source?]
^ American College of Clinical Pharmacy, Clinical Pharmacy Defined
^ American Society of Consultant Pharmacists, What is a Senior Care Pharmacist?