booklet_3rd_12

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terms come from aboriginal speech: boomerang, corroboree, dingo,

kangaroo, karri, koala.

4.Indian English is characterized by sounding more formal than other varieties of English. It has retained in everyday usage words that are found more in the classics of 19-century literature than in contemporary TV programs. Indian English is characterized by treating mass nouns as count nouns, frequent use of the "isn't it?" tag, use of more compounds, and a different use of prepositions.

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PRACTICAL TASKS

PRACTICAL TASK 1

PROTO-GERMANIC AND OLD ENGLISH SOUND SYSTEM AND SPELLING

Exercise 1. Compare words from Indo European languages. Explain the origin of the underlined consonants in Old English words:

1.Latin decem, Russian десять – Old English tīen (English ten)

2.Sanskrit rudhira – Old English rēad (English red)

3.Sanscrit bhrātár – Old English brōþor (English brother)

4.Sanscrit dantan, Latin dentem – Old English tōþ (English tooth)

5.Latin sedere, Russian сидеть – Old English sittan (English sit)

6.Latin piscis – Old English fisc (English fish)

7.Latincordis,GreekKardia–GermanHart,OldEnglishheorte(Englishheart)

8.Sanscrit tanu, Latin tenuis – Old English þynne (English thin)

9.Sanscrit napāt – Old English nefa (English nephew)

10.Latin ego – Old English ic (English I)

11.Latin nox (noctis) – Old English niht (English night)

12.Gothic hausjan – Old English hīeran [h ran] (English hear)

13.Gothic satjan – Old English settan (English set)

14.Greek poda, Latin pedem – Old English fōt (English foot)

15.Latin centum – Old English hund(red) (English hundred)

16.Sanscrit admi, Latin edō – Old English etan (English eat)

17.Latin genus – Old English cynn (English kin)

Exercise 2. Explain the origin of the underlined vowels:

1.Old Greek mānod - Old English mōnaþ (English month)

2.Gothic munþ - Old English mūþ (English mouth)

3.Proto-Germanic haims – Old English hām (English home)

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4.Latin frāter – Old English brōþor (English brother)

5.Gothic wōpjan - Old English wēpan (English weep)

6.Gothic haldan - Old English healdan (English hold)

7.Old German Sanw - Old English sånw (English song)

8.Old Norse draumr - Old English drēam (English dream)

9.Gothic ahtauOld English eahta (English eight)

10.Latin hortus – Old High German wart (‘yard, garden’)

Exercise 3. How can you account for the difference in the roots of the following words (the forms of the verb ‘to lose’): lose – lost – lorn (lorn – poetic, archaic form of Participle II)?

Exercise 4. How can you explain the difference in root vowels of the following Old English words: dōm (‘judgment; law; fame’) – dēman (‘judge, condemn’) / Gothic dōmjan?

Exercise 5. Match the following Old English words (1-11) with the related Modern English ones (A-K). There is an example (0) at the beginning:

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Exercise 6.Give the ModE equivalents of the following OE words:

Exercise 7.

Lat. trans (через) – E. … rough;

Lat. … luvia (дощ) – E. flow;

Lat. … ucere (вести) – E. tag;

Latin … rānum (seed, grain, kernel) – E. corn;

Rus. …о (preposition) – E. to;

Greek stembein (тупотіти) – E. stam …;

Sanscr. pattra (пір’я) – E. … ea … er;

Greek eikanos (півень) – E. … en;

Greek graphein (писати) – E. … arve;

Sanscr. dhavati (текти) – E. … ew;

Lat. … icere (показувати) – E. teach;

Russian вы … ра – E. otter;

Greek keuthein (to conceal) – E. … ide;

Latin geledus – E. … old

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PRACTICAL TASK 2

MIDDLE ENGLISH SOUND AND SPELLING CHANGES

Exercise 1. Show the possible changes in spelling and pronunciation of the following Old English words in Middle English:

Example: OE. hrōf [hrl:f] > ME. roof [rl:f]

ō > oo – spelling changes; hr > r – simplification of hr, hl, hn.

OE. æt__________________________________________________

OE. dæw=________________________________________________

OE. sunu________________________________________________

OE. niht_________________________________________________

OE. þāncian_____________________________________________

OE. tæcan_______________________________________________

OE. lufian________________________________________________

OE. blōd_________________________________________________

OE. sum_________________________________________________

OE. wrindan______________________________________________

OE. healf_________________________________________________

OE. nēodian______________________________________________

Exercise 2. Pronounce the following words the way they were pronounced in Middle English:

Exercise 3. Find the length of the stressed vowels in the following words in the Middle English period:

Exercise 4. Explain the development of the following (a – j) words in Middle English:

a)OE. eall >ME. all (NE. all)_________________________________

_______________________________________________________

b)OE. þrīe(masc.), þrēo, þrīo(fem.) > ME. three (NE. three)_______

________________________________________________________

c)OE. strēam >ME. streem (NE. stream)________________________

________________________________________________________

d)OE. beofor, befor >ME. bever (NE. beaver)_____________________

________________________________________________________

e)OE. nacod >ME. naked (NE. naked)__________________________

________________________________________________________

f)OE. cradol > ME. cradle (NE. cradle)_________________________

________________________________________________________

g)OE. ēare >ME. ere (NE. ear)_______________________________

________________________________________________________

h)OE. mōna > ME. moone (NE. moon)_________________________

________________________________________________________

i)OE. prician >ME. priken (NE. prick)__________________________

________________________________________________________

j)OE. styrian >ME. stiren (NE. stir)____________________________

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PRACTICAL TASK 3

EARLY NEW ENGLISH SOUND AND SPELLING CHANGES

Exercise 1. Why do we read digraph ‘oa’ as [Fυ] in boat, coat, road, and as [l:] in oar, board, hoarse?

Exercise 2. Why is ‘ou’ read as [aυ] in house, mouse; [^] in enough; [u:] in soup, group?

Exercise 3. Why is ‘ow’ read [aυ] in brown, town, now and [Fυ] in blow, show, snow?

Exercise 4. Why is the letter ‘a’ read [æ] in back, cat; [ei] in name, make; [a:] in farm, cast, half; [εF] in mare?

Exercise 5. Name and explain the changes in spelling and pronunciation:

1)OE. f r > ME. fir, fer, fuir > E. fire________________________

________________________________________________________

2)OE. wræs > ME. gras > E. grass__________________________

________________________________________________________

3)OE. sēcan > ME. seken > E. seek_________________________

________________________________________________________

4)OE. hearm > ME. harm > E. harm________________________

________________________________________________________

5)OE. cnēo > ME. knee > E. knee__________________________

________________________________________________________

6)OE. hlūd > ME. loud > E. loud___________________________

________________________________________________________

7)OE. lufu > ME. love > E. love___________________________

________________________________________________________

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8)OE. macian > ME. maken > E. make______________________

________________________________________________________

9)OE. cniht > ME. knight > E. knight_______________________

________________________________________________________

10)OE. ūre > ME. oure > E. our_____________________________

________________________________________________________

11)OE. pund > ME. pound > E. pound________________________

________________________________________________________

12)OE. sceal > ME. shal > E. shall___________________________

________________________________________________________

13)OE. tōþ > ME. tooth > E. tooth___________________________

________________________________________________________

14)OE. tūn > ME. town > E. town___________________________

________________________________________________________

15)OE. wew > ME. wei, wey > E. way_______________________

________________________________________________________

Exercise 6. Explain the difference in spelling and pronunciation of the following words which had the same root in OE:

1)English good from OE. wōd >________________________________

English gospel from OE.wōdspele >____________________________

2)English dear from OE. dēor >________________________________

English darling from OE. dēorlinw >___________________________

________________________________________________________

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PRACTICAL TASK 4

OLD ENGLISH VOCABULARY AND TEXT

You might find it interesting to know that…

Old English is the name given to the Germanic language spoken in the southern part of the island of Britain before the Norman Conquest in 1066 c.e. (and for about 100 years after the Conquest). This language is the ancestor of the Modern English spoken today, although it is quite different in appearance and sound at first glance. Most of our records of the Old English language date from the period between about 875 c.e. and about 1100 c.e., and there is very little evidence indeed of the precise state of the language before the Christian missionary efforts at the end of the 6th century c.e., or about the stages by which Old English had become Middle English by about 1250 c.e.

Most Anglo-Saxon manuscripts were written on vellum (Old English fell) made of calf skin. This was stretched, scraped smooth, whitened with chalk, cut into sheets, ruled with a stylus, and folded into quires of eight leaves (four sheets), or sixteen pages. After the scribes had done their work, the quires were sewn together and bound.

While fewer than 5,000 Old English words exist unchanged and in common use, these constitute the basic building blocks of the language.

Starter Activity:

Task 1. It is useful to compare various versions of a familiar text to see the differences between Old, Middle, and Modern English. Work in small groups and state which differences you can find in the versions of the Lord’s Prayer:

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Early Modern English (King

James Version, 1611)

Our father which art in heauen, hallowed be thy name. Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done in earth as it is in heauen. Giue us this day our daily bread. And forgiue us our debts as we forgiue our debters. And lead us not into temptation, but deliuer us from euill. Amen.

Task 2. Compare the OE text with its translation. Pay attention to those letters of the alphabet which are not used in ModE. Look at the vocabulary of the original version of the text, and try to identify OE words that are still part of present-day English, though considerably changed in their spelling.

Notes: næfde = ne hæfde – negative of the verb habban.