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MATERIALS A CAR IS MADE OF

A car is made of different materials. The windscreen, for example, is made of glass. The head-lights are also made of glass. The tyres are made of rubber. They are filled with air. The air in the tyres is compressed (to approximately 1,5 /cm3). The body is made of metal. The metal is painted. The steering wheel is made of plastic. The mirrors are made of plastic and glass. This car has two mirrors. The rearview mirror is fixed to the roof. The wing mirror is fixed to the door.

The engine is made of different metals. The pistons are made of aluminium and the valves are made of steel. The springs are also made of steel.

ЗАВДАННЯ 1

Назвіть основні деталі автомобіля, використовуючи малюнок та слідуючі дієслова:

ПРИМІТКА

Більшість речень тексту побудовано по моделі:

ЗАВДАННЯ 2

Назвіть матеріали, з яких зроблені вказані вузли та деталі:

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TEXT C

PART II

PLASTICS

In 1370 the first commercial plastics and celluloid appeared. Then in 1930 research in the field of "large molecules" led to the synthesis of nylon fibres. Practically all the synthetic fibres we have today are the results of concepts derived from this discovery. The later development and commercialisation of nylon as a molding material produced the first engineering thermoplastic explosion.

There is probably no material class (except steel) which offered such dramatic appeal and received such wide acceptance for automotive applications as plastics. A typical vehicle in 1940 may have used about 85 small plastic parts, weighing a total of several pounds and consisting of phenolics and cellulosics. Today's vehicles employ about 200 lbs. per car. Polyester, nylon, polypropelene, polyethylene and polyurethane have become familiar materials names. In future, it is estimated that the average car may use 300-350 lbs. per vehicle.

ПРИМІТКА

При перетворюванні англійських мір у метричну систему треба

1 lb./sq. in - one pound per square inch - 1 фунт на 1 д2 = 0,0703 г/см2

TEXT A

COMPONENTS OF AUTOMOBILE

The automobile consists of four components. There are :

1.The engine, or source of power.

2.The framework, or support for the engine and wheels .

3.The power train, or mechanism that transmits the power from the engine to the wheels.

4.The body.

THE ENGINE

The engine is the source of power that makes the wheels go around and the car move.

This engine is an internal combustion engine because gasoline is burned within its cylinders or combustion chambers. This burning, or combustion, takes place at a very high speed and is termed an "explosion"; the high pressure thus created causes a shaft to turn1 or rotate. This rotary motion is transmitted to the car wheels by the power train so that the wheels rotate and the car moves.

Most automobile engines have six or eight cylinders , although some four-, twelve-, and sixteen-cylinder engines are in use. Since all the cylinders in an engine operate on the same principle let us consider the action that takes place in a single cylinder.

The cylinder is closed at one end and open at the other . A movable piston fits snugly into the open end of the cylinder. The piston can slide up and down inside the cylinder. Piston rings are fitted into grooves in the piston, and they provide such a good seal that little air can escape between the piston and cylinder walls.

The up-and-down movement of the piston is called a reciprocating motion; the piston moves in a straight line. This type of motion cannot be used directly to drive an automobile; it must be changed to a rotary or turning

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motion. A crank on the engine crankshaft and a connecting rod produce this transformation.

The crank is an offset section2 of the shaft; it swings around in a circle as the shaft rotates. The crank is linked to the piston by means of the connecting rod. The crank end of the connecting rod contains a bearing that is assembled around the crankpin which rotates freely within the connecting rod bearing.

The piston end of the connecting rod is attached to the piston by a piston pin. The piston pin is held in two bearings in the piston. A bearing in the piston pin end of the connecting rod permits the rod to swing back and forth3 on the piston pin. As the piston moves up and down in the cylinder, the crank swings around in a circle, causing the shaft to rotate.

The connecting rod is free to tilt one way or the other with respect to the piston because of its loose fit4 on the piston pin, and, for the same reason, the crankpin can turn freely within the connecting rod bearing.

There are two holes or ports in the enclosed end of the cylinder. One permits entrance of the intake mixture, the other permits escape of the exhaust gases. The two ports in the enclosed end of each cylinder have valves assembled into them, and these valves function to close one or the other port, or both ports during various stages of the action taking place in the cylinder. The valves are accurately machined metal plugs that close the openings when they are seated or have moved down into the openings. Springs on the valve stems tend to keep the valve seated, but at certain times the valve-opening mechanisms push against the valve stems through valve lifters so that the valves are opened. This type of valve is known as the poppet valve5.

THE CAMSHAFT

The camshaft is geared to the crankshaft, so that it turns at one half the speed6 of the crankshaft. There is a cam on the camshaft for each valve in the engine. There is a "bump" or high point at one place on the cam. As the cam revolves with the camshaft, the high point of the cam pushes up on the valve lifter, raising the valve off its seat. This action is timed to occur at the correct instant with respect to the activity taking place in the engine cylinder. The arrangement of the valves in the cylinder block or cylinder head will vary according to certain general designs.

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1.Цей двигун - двигун внутрішнього згорання, тому що бензин згорає всередині циліндрів.

2.Зворотньо-поступальний рух не може бути використаний для того, щоб приводити до руху автомобіль. Цей рух має бути перетворений у обертальний рух.

ЗАВДАННЯ 5

Перекажіть текст: "The camshaft".

TEXT B

DIESEL ENGINES

The diesel engine operates on a somewhat different principle from the Ottocycle engine, since the fuel is not mixed with the air pulled into the cylinder during the intake stroke. Air alone is pressed during the compression stroke, and the fuel is injected or sprayed into the cylinder at the end of the compression stroke. In diesel engines the compression ratios1 used are as high as 15:1 and provide pressures of about 500 pounds per square inch2 at the end of the compression stroke. When air is rapidly compressed to this pressure , it will have a temperature of approximately 1000°F.

This temperature is high enough to ignite spontaneously heavy fuel oil injected or sprayed into the cylinder at this instant. The combustion of the oil can be controlled by the speed with which the oil is introduced into the cylinder. Thus in the diesel engine the combustion is not a rapid burning of the fuel already present in the cylinder as in the gasoline engine but a slower burning that produces an even increase of pressure. This allows a more complete utilization of the energy in the fuel.

In the two stroke cycle diesel engine a blower or rotary type pump is used to create an initial pressure on the incoming air. The piston acts as the valve or valves, clearing on its downward stroke the ports through which the air enters and exhaust gases escape.

As the piston moves upward, it passes the intake ports, and the exhaust valve closes. The air thus trapped in the cylinder is highly compressed, the fuel is sprayed into the cylinder, and the power stroke takes place.

2. pounds per square inch (psi) - фунтів на квадратний дюйм

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ЗАВДАННЯ 1

Дайте відповіді на запитання:

1.How can the combustion of the oil be controlled? 2.What engines are used in the Ukrainian automobiles?

3.Why is a rotary pump used in the two-stroke-cycle diesel engine? 4.What happens when the piston moves upward?

ЗАВДАННЯ 2

Складіть речення із словосполучень:

to operate, somewhat, since, fuel, to mix, during, to pull, to inject, to spray, ratio, as ..... as, to provide, per, per square inch., rapid, rapidly, combustion, to introduce, burning, increase, capacity, to create, initial pressure, to enter, upward, to take place.

ЗАВДАННЯ 3

Зробіть лексико-граматичний аналіз речень:

1.Thus in diesel engine the combustion is not a rapid burning of the fuel already present in the cylinder as in the gasoline engine but a slower burning that produces an even increase of pressure.

2.When air is rapidly compressed to this pressure, it will have a temperature of approximately 1000°F

ЗАВДАННЯ 4

Перекладіть на англійську мову:

1.Ця температура достатньо висока, щоб запалювати рідке паливо

2.Більш повільне згорання дає змогу більш ефективно використовувати енергію пального.

TEXT C

COMPARISON OF DIESEL AND OTTO-CYCLE ENGINES

The higher internal pressures reached in the diesel engine require heavier construction throughout so that the weight per horsepower and cost per horsepower are higher for the diesel engine. The higher internal pressures and the fact that the mixture in the diesel engine is fired by heat ofcompression make it more difficult to start, although special starting devices and heavy electric cranking motors have, at least1 in part, eliminated this objection. The diesel engine does not always idle as

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smoothly as the Otto-cycle engine and normally cannot attain such high speeds.

On the other hand2, the cost per gallon3 of diesel fuel is less, and the thermal efficiency4 of the diesel engine is greater than that of the Otto-cycle engine.

The diesel engine consumes less fuel per horsepower both at wide-open and part-throttle positions, while objection is made to the smoke and odor5 from a diesel engine, proper design and adjustment of the engine will reduce or eliminate this condition.

ЗАВДАННЯ 1

Дайте відповіді на запитання:

1.In what main essentials does the diesel engine differ from the gasoline engine?

2.In what engine is the fuel cheaper?

ЗАВДАННЯ 2

Складіть 3 запитання до тексту.

ЗАВДАННЯ 3

Складіть речення із словосполученнями:

internal, throughout, to fire, to start, although, device, at least, to eliminate, smoothly, to attain, on the other hand, thermal efficiency, horsepower, to reduce.

ЗАВДАННЯ 4

Дайте синоніми до слідуючих слів:

to require, to start, to obtain, to eliminate, difficult.

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ЗАВДАННЯ 5

Зробіть лексико-граматичний аналіз речень:

1. The thermal efficiency of the diesel engine is greater than that of the Otto-cycle engine.

3.The diesel engine consumes less fuel per horsepower both at wideopen and part-thorttle positions.

ЗАВДАННЯ 6

Поставте дієслова у необхідному часі:

1.There (to be) no fear of damaging the car if it (to be) properly maintained.

2.They (to see) just the accident in the street.

3.I never (to drive) a car

4.He (to increase) the speed of the car.

5.There (to be) no water left in the radiator, so we (to have) to stop and refill it.

6.Driving a car at night he (to get) into an accident.

TEXT A

ENGINE OPERATION

The activities that take place in the engine cylinder can be divided into four stages, or strokes.