Ахмедзянова_английский_язык

10.СТРАДАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ЗАЛОГ

10.1.Прочитайте и переведите текст

Building a road

First, the earth is removed using bulldozers and diggers. Then the ground is levelled. This is done by cutting the top layer until it is flat and level. Next a layer of gravel (approximately 300 mm thick) is spread over the ground. Finally the top layer is added. There are two main types: blacktop and concrete. If it is a blacktop road, layers of hot tarmacadam are poured onto the gravel and pressed down using rollers. The total layer of blacktop materials is approximately 300 mm thick. If it is a concrete road, the concrete is laid on top of the gravel. The concrete slabs are usually approximately 250 mm thick and 4.5 m long.

10.2. Пользуясь информацией текста, скажите, что изображено на рисунке 8

Образец: (a) ground, (d) 300 mm

Рис. 8

10.3. Ответьте на вопросы

1.How do you make the ground flat and level?

2.How is the tarmacadam pressed down?

3.How thick is a concrete road (down to ground level)?

4.What equipment do you use to move earth away?

30

10.4. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на глаголы в

Present Simple Passive

1.Safety helmets are not made of rubber because rubber is a flexible material.

2.It is difficult to break concrete. Therefore concrete is often used in bridges.

3.Wood can be burnt easily. Therefore it is not used in petrol tanks.

4.Cooking pans are not made of glass because glass is a brittle material.

5.It's very easy to stretch copper. Therefore electrical wires are made of copper.

6.Safety goggles are not made of glass because glass is a brittle material.

7.Rubber is a flexible material. Therefore car tyres are made of rubber.

10.5. Пользуясь таблицей, составьте предложения по образцу Образец: The height of large objects is measured in metres.

10.6. Определите, какие операции были выполнены с помощью следующих инструкций

1.The hole was marked. The wood was placed in a vice. The drill was switched on. The hole was drilled.

2.The power was switched off. The bulb was taken out of the socket. A new bulb was inserted in the socket. The power was switched on.

3.The brick was picked up. The mortar was spread on it. The brick was put on the concrete. The level was checked.

31

10.7. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на глаголы в

Simple Passive

1.Various materials are nowadays used by builders.

2.Limestone is used extensively for structural purposes.

3.Marbles are chiefly used for decorative purposes.

4.Granite is used particularly for foundations, columns, footsteps.

5.Sandstone is composed of sand and quartz granules.

6.The art of making any structure in stone is called masonry.

7.The building was constructed at the beginning of the 20th century, and it is historically important now.

8.In the houses built in the 1950s the basement was not meant for living in and the insulation was not done well enough to keep the basement waterproof.

9.The effect of additional insulation on the inside temperature was calculated.

10.The house was in need of redecorating, the old kitchen units were removed, and the old bath tub was taken out of the bathroom.

11.The window frames were taken out because the wood was rotting and the frames needed repainting.

12.In the current five-year period the quality of housing construction will be raised, apartments will be more comfortable and better planned.

13.The architecture in towns and other populated areas will be improved.

14.Their provision with central water supply systems will be ensured.

15.The transition of domestic heating to major supply sources will be continued and utilizing gas will be increased.

16.The volume of cooperative housing construction will be increased.

17.The building of one-family houses in small towns, urban-type settlements in rural areas will be encouraged.

10.8. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на глаголы в

Progressive Passive

1.Hundreds of factories producing prefab panels are being constantly built.

2.The quality of house building is being raised and the planning of homes improved.

3.On the whole, billions of roubles are being invested in housing and public utility construction.

4.At present the development of building societies in large cities is being encouraged.

5.Quite a lot of summer cottages are being built near the city now.

32

6.The pointed arch was being developed in the Middle East and Europe in the twelfth century.

7.Timber roofing was gradually being replaced by stone vaults in English churches during the Middle Ages.

8.During the 20th century housing construction was being carried out on a large scale.

9.Some portion of the dwellings was being built by the state.

10.9. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на глаголы в

Perfect Passive

1.A great number of industrial buildings have been put up.

2.Stone has been used as a structural material since ancient times.

3.During recent years the value of aluminium as an architectural metal has been increasingly recognized.

4.The drawings of the house have been approved and the building permit has been given, so the works will start soon.

5.By the beginning of the 21st century many of the old houses had been renovated in the city, their basement had been brought into use. Laundries and other facilities had been built there.

6.The foundation of the house had been made before prefabricated units for the exterior walls were brought.

7.The roof of the house had been affected by water by the end of autumn.

8.The site for a new multistoried building will have been chosen by next month.

9.Concrete will have been brought to the construction site by the time the excavation is dug.

10.The exterior walls will have been built by the end of spring.

11.The restoration works will have been finished by the time the new tenants move into the house.

11.МОДАЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ

11.1.Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на модальный глагол can

1.This material is hard, you cannot cut it. This material is soft, you can cut

it.

2.This material is tough, you can’t break it. This material is brittle, you can break it easily.

33

3.This material is flexible, you can bend it easily. This material is rigid, you cannot bend it easily.

4.This material is combustible, you can burn it easily. This material is noncombustible, you cannot burn it easily.

5.Can you scratch a pane of glass easily? No, you can't. Glass is a hard material.

6.Can you break steel easily? No, you can't. Steel is a tough material.

7.Can you bend a plank of wood easily? No, you can't. Wood is a rigid material.

8.Can you bend a rubber tyre easily? Yes, you can. Rubber is a flexible material.

9.Can you burn a stone block easily? No, you can't. Stone is a noncombustible material.

10.Can you break a pane of glass easily? Yes, you can. Glass is a brittle material.

11.Can you bend a concrete beam easily? No, you can't. Concrete is a rigid material.

12.Can you scratch a plank of wood with a knife easily? Yes, you can. Wood is a soft material.

13.Can you burn a sheet of paper easily? Yes, you can. Paper is a combustible material.

14.Can you bend iron easily? No, you can't. Iron is not a brittle material.

11.2. Соотнесите предложения из колонки a с предложениями из колонки b так, чтобы они передавали одно и то же значение

11.3. Посмотрите на рисунок (рис. 9) и прочитайте отрывок. Прокомментируйте использование модального глагола can

Kamal, Ron and Alan are building a workshop next to their house. Kamal is putting a wooden floor down. Ron is giving him some advice:

34

«Wood is used for making shelves because it is soft and therefore can be cut easily. It can also be used for making boxes because you can hammer nails into them and join them together. It can also be used in fires, because it is combustible».

Рис. 9

11.4. Заполните пропуски в предложениях (a) словами (b), изменяя их в случае необходимости

a) Concrete is used for building bridges because it is rigid and therefore cannot be ___ easily. It can also be used for roads because it is ___ and therefore cannot be broken easily.

Plastic can be used for making safety goggles because it is not a ___

material and therefore does not break easily. It can also be used for making rulers because it is flexible and therefore can ___ easily.

Glass is used for making windows, because you can see through it, and it is very ___ and therefore cannot be scratched or cut easily. But it is not used for making guards on grinding machines because it is very ___ and therefore can ___ easily.

b) tough, hard, bend, brittle, break, bent

11.5. Посмотрите на рисунок (рис. 10). Прокомментируйте использование модальных глаголов must и should

Kamal and Ron are at work. Kamal is explaining a safety rule to an apprentice. Ron is giving some advice.

35

Рис. 10

Соотнесите рисунки и инструкции по технике безопасности

1) Electric wires must not be coiled.

2) Metal plates must never be held by hand on drilling machines.

3) Electrical fires must never be put out with water.

4) Broken switches and sockets must never be used.

5) Grinding machines must never be used without guards.

6) Cars must never be supported with bricks.

7) Metal ladders must never be placed onto electric wires.

8) A match must never be struck near gas.

Рис. 11

36

11.7. Измените предложения, используя should или must

Образец: Here is some advice: clean your tools before you use them. – You should clean your tools before you use them.

1.This is a rule: switch off the electricity before you touch a bare wire.

2.Here is a rule: do not smoke near petrol.

3.This is some advice: always sharpen chisels before you use them.

4.Here is a rule: always wear goggles when you grind a chisel.

5.This is some advice: never use a screwdriver for opening a tin of paint.

6.Here is some advice: use a narrow brush for painting corners.

7.This is a rule: never do any welding without a helmet or goggles.

11.8. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты

1.A qualified building worker must know the scale and the specifications.

2.The regulations now state that no gas can be used in blocks of flats that have more than 12 storeys because of the danger of explosion.

3.The extent and type of supervision required during construction may vary considerably with the project.

4.For a small, compact project the supervision may be relatively simple, while a large project, which is spread out over considerable area, such as a dam or a major pipe line, may introduce many supervisory problems.

5.The architect should consult many experts such as structural engineers, services engineers, and other sub-contracted specialists.

6.If you have a smaller project like a wall or stepping stones at home, you can use the concrete formula. For basic concrete you should take 1 part cement, 1/2 part sand, 3/4 parts stone and gravel aggregate, 1/2 part water. The sand should be clean (never use beach sand), and the gravel should range from quite small to about 3/4 inch in size. The water should be drinkable. When working with big projects the best choice is a transit-mix truck. It can deliver a large quantity all at once, so that you can finish your project with a single pour.

7.When any concrete work is to be carried out, the cheapest coarse aggregate which will give good results is chosen.

8.If you want a pavement or patio in your garden, first you have to make the foundation. Then you can pour the pavement. There must be enough shovels and hoes to spread and tamp the concrete.

9.Steelworkers, groundworkers and carpenters will be able to make the formwork after the excavation is ready.

10.Mies van der Rohe was able to achieve a unity in his work as a whole.

37

11.They are to start building the house in August.

12.The plan must be practical if it is to become a reality.

13.There isn’t enough space to work. They can’t see where they will be able to stockpile topsoil, for a start.

14.The workmen were not permitted to enter the site without dustmasks and goggles.

15.The town is to have individuality.

16.The choice of materials has to be increased.

17.You will not be allowed to leave your working place dirty and untidy.

18.They had to build the foundation of the house on piles, as the earth was too soft.

19.The city hall will have to be a very special building.

20.The architect has to combine art, advanced technology, science, and economics in his work.

21.The stadium is to become a proper material object, and the prime objective should be to fill it with as many visitors as possible who will be capable of appreciating the work of the architect.

11.9. Прочитайте и переведите текст

Safety equipment

You need many kinds of safety equipment on a building site. Housebuilders and other workers have to wear safety boots, helmets, gloves, and sometimes goggles and dustmasks. Ear protectors should be used near noisy machines. Ladders and scaffoldings are used when working at heights. Ladders must be placed right and they must be strong enough to carry the load of the workers. Scaffoldings must also be carefully erected, so that they don't collapse. At bigger building sites both ladders and scaffoldings are usually made of metal, but sometimes also wooden ones are used.

Here are some other points to keep in mind:

A very important thing is to keep your working place tidy and clean.

You must not leave empty tins or dirty buckets on floors or in yards.

Tools must be kept in the right places, in toolkits and sheds.

Nails and screws must be kept in boxes, so that they will not be wasted.

All the used boards should be collected into one place as well as other garbage.

On a building site you should always be careful with fire.

Paints and solvents catch fire very easily.

Make sure that you have insurance.

38

11.10. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на сочетание must с Perfect Infinitive

1.They must have had many professional subjects like construction techniques at the vocational school.

2.The students must have learnt the basics of building houses, insulation work, foundation and masonry techniques before they started their work.

3.The architect must have been impressed by his contemporaries.

4.Ancient architecture must have attracted architects and builders of the Renaissance by its shapes and grandeur.

5.The exterior of the house must have changed greatly since the time it was built.

6.A lot of up-to-date machinery must have been used in building those skyscrapers.

7.That huge building must have been erected not long ago.

8.These stanchions must have been fixed the wrong way round.

11.11. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на сочетание could, might, should с Perfect Infinitive

1.The work could have been done quicker and more efficiently.

2.The walls could have been faced with rough-hewn granite.

3.You could have used gloves not to hurt your hands when carrying the boards.

4.The building might have been oriented towards the south.

5.Lighter colours might have been used inside.

6.Decoration might have been kept to a minimum.

7.You should have been more careful when you were working with mineral wool and with other dusty materials.

8.You should have put on overalls to protect your clothes when working with paints or solvents.

9.They should have designed a playground by the end of the previous month.

12.СОГЛАСОВАНИЕ ВРЕМЕН

12.1.Прочитайте и переведите предложения

1.I knew that people of different jobs were employed in building a house.

2.The engineer was interested whether the company was building structures of bricks or prefabricated blocks.

39